{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T12:27:31Z","timestamp":1788956851282,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]],"date-time":"2021-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621987200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]],"date-time":"2021-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004421","name":"World Bank Group","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ACE019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACE019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004421","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01HG007480"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01HG007480"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54HG007480"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54HG007480"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"U.S President\u2019s Malaria Initiative"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Malaria remains a public health burden especially in Nigeria. To develop new malaria control and elimination strategies or refine existing ones, understanding parasite population diversity and transmission patterns is crucial.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this study, characterization of the parasite diversity and structure of <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> isolates from 633 dried blood spot samples in Nigeria was carried out using 12 microsatellite loci of <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>. These microsatellite loci were amplified via semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fragments were analysed using population genetic tools.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Estimates of parasite genetic diversity, such as mean number of different alleles (13.52), effective alleles (7.13), allelic richness (11.15) and expected heterozygosity (0.804), were high. Overall linkage disequilibrium was weak (0.006, P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Parasite population structure was low (Fst: 0.008\u20130.105, AMOVA: 0.039).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The high level of parasite genetic diversity and low population structuring in this study suggests that parasite populations circulating in Nigeria are homogenous. However, higher resolution methods, such as the 24 SNP barcode and whole genome sequencing, may capture more specific parasite genetic signatures circulating in the country. The results obtained can be used as a baseline for parasite genetic diversity and structure, aiding in the formulation of appropriate therapeutic and control strategies in Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03734-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]],"date-time":"2021-05-26T10:02:58Z","timestamp":1622023378000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Genetic diversity and population structure of Plasmodium falciparum in Nigeria: insights from microsatellite loci analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Fehintola V.","family":"Ajogbasile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeyemi T.","family":"Kayode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul E.","family":"Oluniyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazeem O.","family":"Akano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica N.","family":"Uwanibe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin B.","family":"Adegboyega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courage","family":"Philip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwagboadurami G.","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philomena J.","family":"Eromon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Emechebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Finimo","family":"Finimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nnenna","family":"Ogbulafor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nma","family":"Jiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uche","family":"Okafor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Ambe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robinson D.","family":"Wammanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Oguche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olugbenga A.","family":"Mokuolu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akintunde","family":"Sowunmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onikepe A.","family":"Folarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3056-6705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian T.","family":"Happi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"3734_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61654-2","volume":"372","author":"SJ Ceesay","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ceesay SJ, Casals-Pascual C, Erskine J, Anya SE, Duah NO, Fulford AJC, et al. Changes in malaria indices between 1999 and 2007 in The Gambia: a retrospective analysis. Lancet. 2008;372:1545\u201354.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3734_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61655-4","volume":"372","author":"WP O\u2019Meara","year":"2008","unstructured":"O\u2019Meara WP, Bejon P, Mwangi TW, Okiro EA, Peshu N, Snow RW, et al. Effect of a fall in malaria transmission on morbidity and mortality in Kilifi. Kenya Lancet. 2008;372:1555\u201362.","journal-title":"Kenya Lancet"},{"key":"3734_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-32","volume":"9","author":"T Jaenisch","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jaenisch T, Sullivan DJ, Dutta A, Deb S, Ramsan M, Othman MK, et al. Malaria incidence and prevalence on Pemba island before the onset of the successful control intervention on the Zanzibar archipelago. Malar J. 2010;9:32.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3734_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.953","volume":"74","author":"H Bogreau","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bogreau H, Renaud F, Bouchiba H, Durand P, Assi S-B, Henry M-C, et al. Genetic diversity and structure of African Plasmodium falciparum populations in urban and rural areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006;74:953\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3734_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0383","volume":"95","author":"FM Mulenge","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mulenge FM, Hunja CW, Magiri E, Culleton R, Kaneko A, Aman RA. Genetic diversity and population structure of Plasmodium falciparum in Lake Victoria Islands, a region of intense transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;95:1077\u201385.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3734_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S87","DOI":"10.12980\/APJTB.4.2014C1301","volume":"4","author":"MK Oyebola","year":"2014","unstructured":"Oyebola MK, Idowu ET, Olukosi YA, Iwalokun BA, Agomo CO, Ajibaye OO, et al. Genetic diversity and complexity of Plasmodium falciparum infections in Lagos Nigeria. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2014;4:S87-91.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Biomed"},{"key":"3734_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.61.978","volume":"61","author":"F Ariey","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ariey F, Chalvet W, Hommel D, Peneau C, Hulin A, Mercereau-Puijalon O, et al. Plasmodium falciparum parasites in French Guiana: limited genetic diversity and high selfing rate. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999;61:978\u201385.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3734_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.30","volume":"60","author":"D Haddad","year":"1999","unstructured":"Haddad D, Snounou G, Mattei D, Enamorado IG, Figueroa J, St\u00e5hl S, et al. Limited genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in field isolates from Honduras. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999;60:30\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3734_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-233","volume":"4","author":"WM Atroosh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Atroosh WM, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Mahdy MA, Saif-Ali R, Al-Mekhlafi AM, Surin J. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Pahang, Malaysia based on MSP-1 and MSP-2 genes. Parasit Vectors. 2011;4:233.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"3734_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(99)00044-3","volume":"74","author":"F Engelbrecht","year":"2000","unstructured":"Engelbrecht F, T\u00f6gel E, Beck HP, Enwezor F, Oettli A, Felger I. Analysis of Plasmodium falciparum infections in a village community in Northern Nigeria: determination of msp2 genotypes and parasite-specific IgG responses. Acta Trop. 2000;74:63\u201371.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"3734_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.20","volume":"70","author":"CT Happi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Happi CT, Gbotosho GO, Sowunmi A, Falade CO, Akinboye DO, Gerena L, et al. Molecular analysis of Plasmodium falciparum recrudescent malaria infections in children treated with chloroquine in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;70:20\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3734_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.06.017","volume":"95","author":"OK Amodu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Amodu OK, Adeyemo AA, Ayoola OO, Gbadegesin RA, Orimadegun AE, Akinsola AK, et al. Genetic diversity of the msp-1 locus and symptomatic malaria in south-west Nigeria. Acta Trop. 2005;95:226\u201332.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"3734_CR13","first-page":"355","volume":"12","author":"GI Olasehinde","year":"2012","unstructured":"Olasehinde GI, Yah CS, Singh R, Ojuronbge OO, Ajayi AA, Valecha N, et al. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from south western Nigeria. Afr Health Sci. 2012;12:355\u201361.","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"3734_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecm.2013.06.014","volume":"5","author":"SI Oyedeji","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oyedeji SI, Awobode HO, Kun J. Limited genetic diversity and low multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infections in children with severe malaria in Lafia North-central Nigeria. J Exp Clin Med. 2013;5:143\u20137.","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Med"},{"key":"3734_CR15","first-page":"381","volume":"9","author":"AL Hughes","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hughes AL. Positive selection and interallelic recombination at the merozoite surface antigen-1 (MSA-1) locus of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biol Evol. 1992;9:381\u201393.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"3734_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(95)00037-2","volume":"71","author":"MK Hughes","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hughes MK, Hughes AL. Natural selection on Plasmodium surface proteins. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1995;71:99\u2013113.","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"3734_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/149.1.189","volume":"149","author":"AA Escalante","year":"1998","unstructured":"Escalante AA, Lal AA, Ayala FJ. Genetic polymorphism and natural selection in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Genetics. 1998;149:189\u2013202.","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"3734_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-223","volume":"11","author":"VA Mobegi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mobegi VA, Loua KM, Ahouidi AD, Satoguina J, Nwakanma DC, Amambua-Ngwa A, et al. Population genetic structure of Plasmodium falciparum across a region of diverse endemicity in West Africa. Malar J. 2012;11:223.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3734_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026247","volume":"17","author":"TJ Anderson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Anderson TJ, Haubold B, Williams JT, Estrada-Franco JG, Richardson L, Mollinedo R, et al. Microsatellite markers reveal a spectrum of population structures in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biol Evol. 2000;17:1467\u201382.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"3734_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.04.015","volume":"9","author":"M Bonizzoni","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bonizzoni M, Afrane Y, Baliraine FN, Amenya DA, Githeko AK, Yan G. Genetic structure of Plasmodium falciparum populations between lowland and highland sites and antimalarial drug resistance in Western Kenya. Infect Genet Evol. 2009;9:806\u201312.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"3734_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-354","volume":"12","author":"N Larra\u00f1aga","year":"2013","unstructured":"Larra\u00f1aga N, Mej\u00eda RE, Hormaza JI, Montoya A, Soto A, Fontecha GA. Genetic structure of Plasmodium falciparum populations across the Honduras-Nicaragua border. Malar J. 2013;12:354.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3734_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3187","volume":"13","author":"SK Volkman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Volkman SK, Neafsey DE, Schaffner SF, Park DJ, Wirth DF. Harnessing genomics and genome biology to understand malaria biology. Nat Rev Genet. 2012;13:315\u201328.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"3734_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-155","volume":"8","author":"T Pumpaibool","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pumpaibool T, Arnathau C, Durand P, Kanchanakhan N, Siripoon N, Suegorn A, et al. Genetic diversity and population structure of Plasmodium falciparum in Thailand, a low transmission country. Malar J. 2009;8:155.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3734_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msq311","volume":"28","author":"OH Branch","year":"2011","unstructured":"Branch OH, Sutton PL, Barnes C, Castro JC, Hussin J, Awadalla P, et al. Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity maintained and amplified over 5 years of a low transmission endemic in the Peruvian Amazon. Mol Biol Evol. 2011;28:1973\u201386.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"3734_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12099","volume":"22","author":"SC Nkhoma","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nkhoma SC, Nair S, Al-Saai S, Ashley E, McGready R, Phyo AP, et al. Population genetic correlates of declining transmission in a human pathogen. Mol Ecol. 2013;22:273\u201385.","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"3734_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2623-8","volume":"17","author":"BE Bankole","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bankole BE, Kayode AT, Nosamiefan IO, Eromon P, Baniecki ML, Daniels RF, et al. Characterization of Plasmodium falciparum structure in Nigeria with malaria SNPs barcode. Malar J. 2018;17:472.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3734_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099004552","volume":"119","author":"TJ Anderson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Anderson TJ, Su XZ, Bockarie M, Lagog M, Day KP. Twelve microsatellite markers for characterization of Plasmodium falciparum from finger-prick blood samples. Parasitology. 1999;119:113\u201325.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"3734_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts460","volume":"28","author":"R Peakall","year":"2012","unstructured":"Peakall R, Smouse PE. GenAlEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research\u2013an update. Bioinformatics. 2012;28:2537\u20139.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"3734_CR29","first-page":"47","volume":"1","author":"L Excoffier","year":"2007","unstructured":"Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S. Arlequin (version 3.0): an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evol Bioinform Online. 2007;1:47\u201350.","journal-title":"Evol Bioinform Online."},{"key":"3734_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.5.1854-1857.2002","volume":"40","author":"MU Ferreira","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ferreira MU, Nair S, Hyunh TV, Kawamoto F, Anderson TJ. Microsatellite characterization of Plasmodium falciparum from cerebral and uncomplicated malaria patients in southern Vietnam. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:1854\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"3734_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111627","volume":"86","author":"J Goudet","year":"1995","unstructured":"Goudet J. FSTAT (Version 1.2): a computer program to calculate F-statistics. J Hered. 1995;86:485\u20136.","journal-title":"J Hered."},{"key":"3734_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0962-1083.2001.01436.x","volume":"11","author":"F Balloux","year":"2002","unstructured":"Balloux F, Lugon-Moulin N. The estimation of population differentiation with microsatellite markers. Mol Ecol. 2002;11:155\u201365.","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"3734_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/155.2.945","volume":"155","author":"JK Pritchard","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics. 2000;155:945\u201359.","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"3734_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/164.4.1567","volume":"164","author":"D Falush","year":"2003","unstructured":"Falush D, Stephens M, Pritchard JK. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data: linked loci and correlated allele frequencies. Genetics. 2003;164:1567\u201387.","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"3734_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s12686-011-9548-7","volume":"4","author":"DA Earl","year":"2012","unstructured":"Earl DA, von Holdt BM. STRUCTURE HARVESTER: a website and program for visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno method. Conservation Genet Resour. 2012;4:359\u201361.","journal-title":"Conservation Genet Resour"},{"key":"3734_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/16.9.847","volume":"16","author":"B Haubold","year":"2000","unstructured":"Haubold B, Hudson RR. LIAN 30: detecting linkage disequilibrium in multilocus data. Linkage Analysis. Bioinformatics. 2000;16:847\u20138.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"3734_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-336","volume":"9","author":"L Schultz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schultz L, Wapling J, Mueller I, Ntsuke PO, Senn N, Nale J, et al. Multilocus haplotypes reveal variable levels of diversity and population structure of Plasmodium falciparum in Papua New Guinea, a region of intense perennial transmission. Malar J. 2010;9:336.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3734_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.1043","volume":"77","author":"D Zhong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhong D, Afrane Y, Githeko A, Yang Z, Cui L, Menge DM, et al. Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity in western Kenya highlands. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;77:1043\u201350.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3734_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0152447","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152447","volume":"11","author":"M Menegon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Menegon M, Bardaj\u00ed A, Mart\u00ednez-Espinosa F, B\u00f4tto-Menezes C, Ome-Kaius M, et al. Microsatellite genotyping of Plasmodium vivax isolates from pregnant women in four malaria endemic countries. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0152447.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3734_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00278-X","volume":"115","author":"DJ Conway","year":"2001","unstructured":"Conway DJ, Machado RL, Singh B, Dessert P, Mikes ZS, Povoa MM, et al. Extreme geographical fixation of variation in the Plasmodium falciparum gamete surface protein gene Pfs48\/45 compared with microsatellite loci. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2001;115:145\u201356.","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"3734_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.345","volume":"68","author":"P Durand","year":"2003","unstructured":"Durand P, Michalakis Y, Cestier S, Oury B, Leclerc MC, Tibayrenc M, et al. Significant linkage disequilibrium and high genetic diversity in a population of Plasmodium falciparum from an area (Republic of the Congo) highly endemic for malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003;68:345\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3734_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-79","volume":"10","author":"F Mwingira","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mwingira F, Nkwengulila G, Schoepflin S, Sumari D, Beck H-P, Snounou G, et al. Plasmodium falciparum msp1, msp2 and glurp allele frequency and diversity in sub-Saharan Africa. Malar J. 2011;10:79.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3734_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1086\/429338","volume":"191","author":"TG Anthony","year":"2005","unstructured":"Anthony TG, Conway DJ, Cox-Singh J, Matusop A, Ratnam S, Shamsul S, et al. Fragmented population structure of Plasmodium falciparum in a region of declining endemicity. J Infect Dis. 2005;191:1558\u201364.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"3734_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2003.09.022","volume":"90","author":"JK Lum","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lum JK, Kaneko A, Tanabe K, Takahashi N, Bj\u00f6rkman A, Kobayakawa T. Malaria dispersal among islands: human mediated Plasmodium falciparum gene flow in Vanuatu Melanesia. Acta Trop. 2004;90:181\u20135.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"3734_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2007.05.012","volume":"103","author":"JK Lum","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lum JK, Kaneko A, Taleo G, Amos M, Reiff DM. Genetic diversity and gene flow of humans, Plasmodium falciparum, and Anopheles farauti s.s. of Vanuatu: inferred malaria dispersal and implications for malaria control. Acta Trop. 2007;103:102\u20137.","journal-title":"Acta Trop."}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03734-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03734-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03734-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]],"date-time":"2021-05-26T10:04:56Z","timestamp":1622023496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03734-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3734"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03734-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the protocol was approved by the National Health Research Ethics Committee, Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH), Abuja, Nigeria. Informed consent was obtained from parents and legal guardians of participants prior to enrollment in study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"236"}}