{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T19:14:30Z","timestamp":1774811670442,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Malaria control and elimination strategies are based on levels of transmission that are usually determined by data collected from health facilities. In endemic areas, asymptomatic <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> infection is thought to represent the majority of infections, though they are not diagnosed nor treated. Therefore, there might be an underestimation of the malaria reservoir, resulting in inadequate control strategies. In addition, these untreated asymptomatic <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> infections maintain transmission, making it difficult or impossible to reach malaria elimination goals. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> infections in southeastern Senegal.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A cross sectional study was conducted among asymptomatic individuals (N\u2009=\u2009122) living in the village of Andiel located in Bandafassi, K\u00e9dougou, which consisted of about 200 inhabitants during the malaria transmission season in late October 2019. For each individual without malaria-related symptoms and who consented to participate, a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) was performed in the field. Results were confirmed in the laboratory with photo-induced electron transfer (PET-PCR).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Malaria prevalence was 70.3% by PET-PCR and 41.8% by RDT. During the same period, the health post of the area reported 49. 1% test positivity rate by RDT. The majority of the infected study population, 92.9%, was infected with a single species and 7.1% had two or three species of <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> was predominant and represented 90.2% of the infections, while 6.5% were due to <jats:italic>Plasmodium ovale<\/jats:italic> and 3.3% to <jats:italic>Plasmodium malariae<\/jats:italic>. 59.4% of children targeted for SMC (zero to ten years old) were infected.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In southeastern Senegal, where the transmission is the highest, malaria control strategies should address asymptomatic <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> infections at the community level. The results suggest that this area could be eligible for mass drug administration. Moreover, non-falciparum species could be more common and its prevalence should be determined countrywide.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03746-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T19:02:43Z","timestamp":1620846163000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["High prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium infection in Bandafassi, South-East Senegal"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1118-4998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aida Sadikh","family":"Badiane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tolla","family":"Ndiaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alphonse Birane","family":"Thiaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deme Awa","family":"Binta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mamadou Alpha","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mame Cheikh","family":"Seck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khadim","family":"Diongue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mamane Nassirou","family":"Garba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mouhamadou","family":"Ndiaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daouda","family":"Ndiaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"3746_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report 2020. Geneva: World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240015791"},{"key":"3746_CR2","unstructured":"NMCP report 2019. http:\/\/www.pnlp.sn\/"},{"key":"3746_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-29","volume":"11","author":"DD Laishram","year":"2012","unstructured":"Laishram DD, Sutton PL, Nanda N, Sharma VL, Sobti RC, Carlton JM, et al. The complexities of malaria disease manifestations with a focus on asymptomatic malaria. Malar J. 2012;11:29.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3746_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42821","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042821","volume":"7","author":"T Bousema","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bousema T, Dinglasan RR, Morlais I, Gouagna LC, van Warmerdam T, Awono-Ambene PH, et al. Mosquito feeding assays to determine the infectiousness of naturally infected Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriers. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e42821.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3746_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1336-0","volume":"15","author":"K Phommasone","year":"2016","unstructured":"Phommasone K, Adhikari B, Henriques G, Pongvongsa T, Phongmany P, von Seidlein L, et al. Asymptomatic Plasmodium infections in 18 villages of southern Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR (Laos). Malar J. 2016;15:296.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3746_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2241","volume":"3","author":"LC Okell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Okell LC, Bousema T, Griffin JT, Ou\u00e9draogo AL, Ghani AC, Drakeley CJ. Factors determining the occurrence of submicroscopic malaria infections and their relevance for control. Nat Commun. 2012;3:1237.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3746_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1661-3","volume":"16","author":"RF Daniels","year":"2017","unstructured":"Daniels RF, Deme AB, Gomis JF, Dieye B, Durfee K, Thwing JI, et al. Evidence of non-Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection in K\u00e9dougou, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal. Malar J. 2017;16:9.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3746_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-226","volume":"13","author":"AS Badiane","year":"2014","unstructured":"Badiane AS, Diongue K, Diallo S, Ndongo AA, Diedhiou CK, Deme AB, et al. Acute kidney injury associate with Plasmodium malariae infection. Malar J. 2014;13:226.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3746_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1485-1","volume":"15","author":"MA Diallo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Diallo MA, Badiane AS, Diongue K, Deme AB, Lucchi NW, Gaye M, et al. Non-falciparum malaria in Dakar: a confirmed case of Plasmodium ovale wallikeri infection. Malar J. 2016;15:42.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3746_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0808-y","volume":"14","author":"M Niang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Niang M, Thiam LG, Sow A, Loucoubar C, Bob NS, Diop F, et al. A molecular survey of acute febrile illnesses reveals Plasmodium vivax infections in Kedougou, southeastern Senegal. Malar J. 2015;14:281.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3746_CR11","unstructured":"Economic and Social Situation of the K\u00e9dougou Region, 2014 edition. http:\/\/www.ansd.sn\/ressources\/ses\/SES-Kedougou-2014.pdf"},{"key":"3746_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-462","volume":"13","author":"NW Lucchi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lucchi NW, Karell MA, Journel I, Rogier E, Goldman I, Ljolje D, et al. PET-PCR method for the molecular detection of malaria parasites in a national malaria surveillance study in Haiti, 2011. Malar J. 2014;13:462.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3746_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0150391","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150391","volume":"11","author":"GFMC Lima","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lima GFMC, Lucchi NW, Silva-Flannery L, Macedo-de-Oliveira A, Hristov AD, Inoue J, et al. Still searching for a suitable molecular test to detect hidden Plasmodium infection: a proposal for blood donor screening in Brazil. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0150391.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3746_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw301","volume":"214","author":"I Rodriguez-Barraquer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Barraquer I, Arinaitwe E, Jagannathan P, Boyle MJ, Tappero J, Muhindo M, et al. Quantifying heterogeneous malaria exposure and clinical protection in a cohort of Ugandan Children. J Infect Dis. 2016;214:1072\u201380.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"3746_CR15","first-page":"5405802","volume":"2016","author":"DM Mvumbi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mvumbi DM, Bobanga TL, Melin P, De Mol P, Kayembe JM, Situakibanza HN, et al. High prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection in asymptomatic individuals from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Malar Res Treat. 2016;2016:5405802.","journal-title":"Malar Res Treat"},{"key":"3746_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1980.29.725","volume":"29","author":"L Molineaux","year":"1980","unstructured":"Molineaux L, Storey J, Cohen JE, Thomas A. A longitudinal study of human malaria in the West African Savanna in the absence of control measures: relationships between different Plasmodium species, in particular P. falciparum and P. malariae. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1980;29:725\u201337.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"3746_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.07.004","volume":"20","author":"PA Zimmerman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zimmerman PA, Mehlotra RK, Kasehagen LJ, Kazura JW. Why do we need to know more about mixed Plasmodium species infections in humans? Trends Parasitol. 2004;20:440\u20137.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"3746_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007414","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007414","volume":"13","author":"V Yman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yman V, WandelI G, Mutemi DD, Miglar A, Asghar M, Hammar U, et al. Persistent transmission of Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale species in an area of declining Plasmodium falciparum transmission in eastern Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13:e0007414.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"3746_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-3114-2","volume":"19","author":"MC Seck","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seck MC, Thwing J, Badiane AS, Rogier E, Fall FB, Ndiaye PI, et al. Analysis of anti-Plasmodium IgG profiles among Fulani nomadic pastoralists in northern Senegal to assess malaria exposure. Malar J. 2020;19:15.","journal-title":"Malar J"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03746-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03746-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03746-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T19:03:27Z","timestamp":1620846207000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03746-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3746"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03746-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the National Ethics Committee for Health Research of Senegal. Before patients were enrolled in the studies sites, benefits and any perceived risks were explained to all participants in French or local languages. Informed consent for adults or guardians consent for children less than 18\u00a0years old were obtained before participant recruitment and sample collection.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The participants in this study are consent for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"218"}}