{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T06:54:29Z","timestamp":1794380069985,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]],"date-time":"2021-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621641600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]],"date-time":"2021-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010573","name":"Stichting Dioraphte","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["13050800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13050800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010573","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32AI007524"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AI007524"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Current standard interventions are not universally sufficient for malaria elimination. The effects of community-based house improvement (HI) and larval source management (LSM) as supplementary interventions to the Malawi National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) interventions were assessed in the context of an intensive community engagement programme.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The study was a two-by-two factorial, cluster-randomized controlled trial in Malawi. Village clusters were randomly assigned to four arms: a control arm; HI; LSM; and HI\u2009+\u2009LSM. Malawi NMCP interventions and community engagement were used in all arms. Household-level, cross-sectional surveys were conducted on a rolling, 2-monthly basis to measure parasitological and entomological outcomes over 3\u00a0years, beginning with one baseline year. The primary outcome was the entomological inoculation rate (EIR). Secondary outcomes included mosquito density, <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> prevalence, and haemoglobin levels. All outcomes were assessed based on intention to treat, and comparisons between trial arms were conducted at both cluster and household level.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Eighteen clusters derived from 53 villages with 4558 households and 20,013 people were randomly assigned to the four trial arms. The mean nightly EIR fell from 0.010 infectious bites per person (95% CI 0.006\u20130.015) in the baseline year to 0.001 (0.000, 0.003) in the last year of the trial. Over the full trial period, the EIR did not differ between the four trial arms (p\u2009=\u20090.33). Similar results were observed for the other outcomes: mosquito density and <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> prevalence decreased over 3\u00a0years of sampling, while haemoglobin levels increased; and there were minimal differences between the trial arms during the trial period.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In the context of high insecticide-treated bed net use, neither community-based HI, LSM, nor HI\u2009+\u2009LSM contributed to further reductions in malaria transmission or prevalence beyond the reductions observed over two years across all four trial arms. This was the first trial, as far as the authors are aware, to test the potential complementary impact of LSM and\/or HI beyond levels achieved by standard interventions. The unexpectedly low EIR values following intervention implementation indicated a promising reduction in malaria transmission for the area, but also limited the usefulness of this outcome for measuring differences in malaria transmission among the trial arms.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Trial registration<\/jats:italic> PACTR, PACTR201604001501493, Registered 3 March 2016, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/pactr.samrc.ac.za\/\">https:\/\/pactr.samrc.ac.za\/<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03769-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]],"date-time":"2021-05-22T13:02:53Z","timestamp":1621688573000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["The effect of community-driven larval source management and house improvement on malaria transmission when added to the standard malaria control strategies in Malawi: a cluster-randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"pactr201604001501493","registry":"10.18810\/pactr"}],"author":[{"given":"Robert S.","family":"McCann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alinune N.","family":"Kabaghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Moraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Gowelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monicah M.","family":"Mburu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tinashe","family":"Tizifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Chipeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Nkhono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurelio","family":"Di Pasquale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Maire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucinda","family":"Manda-Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Themba","family":"Mzilahowa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henk","family":"van den Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Diggle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dianne J.","family":"Terlouw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willem","family":"Takken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mich\u00e8le","family":"van Vugt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1753-2727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamija S.","family":"Phiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"3769_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report 2015. Geneva, World Health Organization; 2015."},{"key":"3769_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15535","volume":"526","author":"S Bhatt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bhatt S, Weiss DJ, Cameron E, Bisanzio D, Mappin B, Dalrymple U, et al. The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015. Nature. 2015;526:207\u201311.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3769_CR3","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report 2018. Geneva, World Health Organization; 2018."},{"key":"3769_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.11.010","volume":"32","author":"H Ranson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ranson H, Lissenden N. Insecticide resistance in African Anopheles mosquitoes: a worsening situation that needs urgent action to maintain malaria control. Trends Parasitol. 2016;32:187\u201396.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"3769_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.01.004","volume":"33","author":"AM Dondorp","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dondorp AM, Smithuis FM, Woodrow C, von Seidlein L. How to contain artemisinin- and multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria. Trends Parasitol. 2017;33:353\u201363.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"3769_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1184-y","volume":"15","author":"K Theiss-Nyland","year":"2016","unstructured":"Theiss-Nyland K, Ejersa W, Karema C, Kon\u00e9 D, Koenker H, Cyaka Y, et al. Operational challenges to continuous LLIN distribution: a qualitative rapid assessment in four countries. Malar J. 2016;15:131.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3769_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-330","volume":"13","author":"GF Killeen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Killeen GF. Characterizing, controlling and eliminating residual malaria transmission. Malar J. 2014;13:330.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3769_CR8","unstructured":"WHO. Global technical strategy for malaria 2016\u20132030. Geneva, World Health Organization; 2015."},{"key":"3769_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2018.01.003","volume":"99","author":"YA Williams","year":"2018","unstructured":"Williams YA, Tusting LS, Hocini S, Graves PM, Killeen GF, Kleinschmidt I, et al. Expanding the vector control toolbox for malaria elimination: a systematic review of the evidence. Adv Parasitol. 2018;99:345\u201379.","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"3769_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2305.160662","volume":"23","author":"GF Killeen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Killeen GF, Masalu JP, Chinula D, Fotakis EA, Kavishe DR, Malone D, et al. Control of malaria vector mosquitoes by insecticide-treated combinations of window screens and eave baffles. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23:782\u20139.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"3769_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1452-x","volume":"15","author":"BGJ Knols","year":"2016","unstructured":"Knols BGJ, Farenhorst M, Andriessen R, Snetselaar J, Suer RA, Osinga AJ, et al. Eave tubes for malaria control in Africa: an introduction. Malar J. 2016;15:404.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3769_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-353","volume":"10","author":"U Fillinger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fillinger U, Lindsay SW. Larval source management for malaria control in Africa: myths and reality. Malar J. 2011;10:353.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3769_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(02)02382-6","volume":"18","author":"SW Lindsay","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lindsay SW, Emerson PM, Charlwood JD. Reducing malaria by mosquito-proofing houses. Trends Parasitol. 2002;18:510\u20134.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"3769_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002234","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002234","volume":"14","author":"LS Tusting","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tusting LS, Bottomley C, Gibson H, Kleinschmidt I, Tatem AJ, Lindsay SW, et al. Housing improvements and malaria risk in sub-Saharan Africa: a multi-country analysis of survey data. PLoS Med. 2017;14:e1002234.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"3769_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60871-0","volume":"374","author":"MJ Kirby","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kirby MJ, Ameh D, Bottomley C, Green C, Jawara M, Milligan PJ, et al. Effect of two different house screening interventions on exposure to malaria vectors and on anaemia in children in The Gambia: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;374:998\u20131009.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3769_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.02.009","volume":"181","author":"SK Getawen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Getawen SK, Ashine T, Massebo F, Woldeyes D, Lindtj\u00f8rn B. Exploring the impact of house screening intervention on entomological indices and incidence of malaria in Arba Minch town, southwest Ethiopia: a randomized control trial. Acta Trop. 2018;181:84\u201394.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"3769_CR17","first-page":"CD008923","volume":"2013","author":"LS Tusting","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tusting LS, Thwing J, Sinclair D, Fillinger U, Gimnig JE, Bonner KE, et al. Mosquito larval source management for controlling malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013:CD008923.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"3769_CR18","unstructured":"WHO. Global vector control response 2017\u20132030. Geneva, World Health Organization; 2017."},{"key":"3769_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-5-9","volume":"5","author":"WR Mukabana","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mukabana WR, Kannady K, Kiama GM, Ijumba JN, Mathenge EM, Kiche I, et al. Ecologists can enable communities to implement malaria vector control in Africa. Malar J. 2006;5:9.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3769_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-5-3","volume":"5","author":"H van den Berg","year":"2006","unstructured":"van den Berg H, Knols BGJ. The Farmer Field School: a method for enhancing the role of rural communities in malaria control\u202f? Malar J. 2006;5:3.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3769_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-380","volume":"11","author":"T Mzilahowa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mzilahowa T, Hastings IM, Molyneux ME, McCall PJ. Entomological indices of malaria transmission in Chikhwawa district, Southern Malawi. Malar J. 2012;11:380.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3769_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2415-1","volume":"17","author":"H van den Berg","year":"2018","unstructured":"van den Berg H, Van Vugt M, Kabaghe AN, Nkalapa M, Kaotcha R, Truwah Z, et al. Community-based malaria control in southern Malawi: a description of experimental interventions of community workshops, house improvement and larval source management. Malar J. 2018;17:266.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3769_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1086\/430707","volume":"41","author":"D Diallo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Diallo D, Doumbo OK, Plowe CV, Wellems TE, Emanuel EJ, Hurst SA. Community permission for medical research in developing countries. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:255\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"3769_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy213","volume":"47","author":"RS McCann","year":"2018","unstructured":"McCann RS, van den Berg H, Takken W, Chetwynd AG, Giorgi E, Terlouw DJ, et al. Reducing contamination risk in cluster-randomized infectious disease-intervention trials. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47:2015\u201324.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"3769_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-276","volume":"7","author":"CA Guerra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guerra CA, Reiner RC, Perkins T, Lindsay SW, Midega JT, Brady OJ, et al. A global assembly of adult female mosquito mark-release-recapture data to inform the control of mosquito-borne pathogens. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:276.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"3769_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-257","volume":"13","author":"A Hiscox","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hiscox A, Otieno B, Kibet A, Mweresa CK, Omusula P, Geier M, et al. Development and optimization of the Suna trap as a tool for mosquito monitoring and control. Malar J. 2014;13:257.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3769_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2680-7","volume":"18","author":"MM Mburu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mburu MM, Zembere K, Hiscox A, Banda J, Phiri KS, van den Berg H, et al. Assessment of the Suna trap for sampling mosquitoes indoors and outdoors. Malar J. 2019;18:51.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3769_CR28","unstructured":"Malaria Indicator Survey: Basic documentation for survey design and implementation. http:\/\/malariasurveys.org\/toolkit.cfm. Accessed 3 May 2021."},{"key":"3769_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2749-2","volume":"17","author":"RS McCann","year":"2017","unstructured":"McCann RS, van den Berg H, Diggle PJ, Van Vugt M, Terlouw DJ, Phiri KS, et al. Assessment of the effect of larval source management and house improvement on malaria transmission when added to standard malaria control strategies in southern Malawi: study protocol for a cluster-randomised controlled trial. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17:639.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"3769_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800099-1.00003-X","volume":"84","author":"LS Tusting","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tusting LS, Bousema T, Smith DL, Drakeley C. Measuring changes in Plasmodium falciparum transmission: precision, accuracy and costs of metrics. Adv Parasitol. 2014;84:151\u2013208.","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"3769_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.61.109","volume":"61","author":"JC Beier","year":"1999","unstructured":"Beier JC, Killeen GF, Githure JI. Entomologic inoculation rates and Plasmodium falciparum malaria prevalence in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999;61:109\u201313.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3769_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04024","volume":"438","author":"DL Smith","year":"2005","unstructured":"Smith DL, Dushoff J, Snow RW, Hay SI. The entomological inoculation rate and Plasmodium falciparum infection in African children. Nature. 2005;438:492\u20135.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3769_CR33","unstructured":"WHO. Focus on Malawi. Geneva, World Health Organization; 2013."},{"key":"3769_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2511-2","volume":"17","author":"MF Finda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Finda MF, Limwagu AJ, Ngowo HS, Matowo NS, Swai JK, Kaindoa E, et al. Dramatic decreases of malaria transmission intensities in Ifakara, south-eastern Tanzania since early 2000s. Malar J. 2018;17:362.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3769_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-13","volume":"12","author":"JM Mwangangi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mwangangi JM, Mbogo CM, Orindi BO. Shifts in malaria vector species composition and transmission dynamics along the Kenyan coast over the past 20 years. Malar J. 2013;12:13.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3769_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-62","volume":"9","author":"MN Bayoh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bayoh MN, Mathias DK, Odiere MR, Mutuku FM, Kamau L, Gimnig JE, et al. Anopheles gambiae: historical population decline associated with regional distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets in western Nyanza Province. Kenya Malar J. 2010;9:62.","journal-title":"Kenya Malar J"},{"key":"3769_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2977-3","volume":"11","author":"MM Mburu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mburu MM, Juurlink M, Spitzen J, Moraga P, Hiscox A, Mzilahowa T, et al. Impact of partially and fully closed eaves on house entry rates by mosquitoes. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:383.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"3769_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105059","volume":"197","author":"MM Mburu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mburu MM, Mzilahowa T, Amoah B, Chifundo D, Phiri KS, van den Berg H, et al. Biting patterns of malaria vectors of the lower Shire valley, southern Malawi. Acta Trop. 2019;197:105059.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"3769_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105558","volume":"210","author":"S Gowelo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gowelo S, Chirombo J, Koenraadt CJM, Mzilahowa T, van den Berg H, Takken W, et al. Characterisation of anopheline larval habitats in southern Malawi. Acta Trop. 2020;210:105558.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"3769_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0724-1","volume":"14","author":"LS Tusting","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tusting LS, Ippolito MM, Willey BA, Kleinschmidt I, Dorsey G, Gosling RD, et al. The evidence for improving housing to reduce malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Malar J. 2015;14:209.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3769_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2450-y","volume":"17","author":"EW Kaindoa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kaindoa EW, Finda M, Kiplagat J, Mkandawile G, Nyoni A, Coetzee M, et al. Housing gaps, mosquitoes and public viewpoints: a mixed methods assessment of relationships between house characteristics, malaria vector biting risk and community perspectives in rural Tanzania. Malar J. 2018;17:298.","journal-title":"Malar J"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03769-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03769-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03769-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T16:28:56Z","timestamp":1628612936000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03769-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3769"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03769-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 January 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was sought from individual participants (and their parents or guardians when appropriate) during household surveys. The College of Medicine Research and Ethics Committee in Malawi approved this study (Proposal Number P.05\/15\/1731), and the Trial Protocol is available online []. The trial was registered with The Pan African Clinical Trials Registry on 3 March 2016, Trial Number PACTR201604001501493, .","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"232"}}