{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T16:32:31Z","timestamp":1747067551358,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626048000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Prevalence of falciparum malaria on Bioko Island remains high despite sustained, intensive control. Progress may be hindered by high proportions of subpatent infections that are not detected by rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) but contribute to onward transmission, and by imported infections. Better understanding of the relationship between subpatent infections and RDT-detected infections, and whether this relationship is different from imported <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> locally acquired infections, is imperative to better understand the sources of infection and mechanisms of transmission to tailor more effective interventions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed on a sub-set of samples from the 2015 Malaria Indicator Survey to identify subpatent infections. Households with RDT(+) individuals were matched 1:4 with households with no RDT(+) individuals. The association between living in a household with an RDT(+) individual and having a subpatent infection was evaluated using multivariate hierarchical logistic regression models with inverse probability weights for selection. To evaluate possible modification of the association by potential importation of the RDT(+) case, the analysis was repeated among strata of matched sets based on the reported eight-week travel history of the RDT(+) individual(s).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There were 142 subpatent infections detected in 1,400 individuals (10.0%). The prevalence of subpatent infections was higher in households with <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> without an RDT(+) individual (15.0 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 9.1%). The adjusted prevalence odds of subpatent infection were 2.59-fold greater (95% CI: 1.31, 5.09) for those in a household with an RDT(+) individual compared to individuals in a household without RDT(+) individuals. When stratifying by travel history of the RDT(+) individual, the association between subpatent infections and RDT(+) infections was stronger in the strata in which the RDT(+) individual(s) had not recently travelled (adjusted prevalence odds ratio (aPOR) 2.95; 95% CI:1.17, 7.41), and attenuated in the strata in which recent travel was reported (aPOR 1.76; 95% CI: 0.54, 5.67).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There is clustering of subpatent infections around RDT(+) individual(s) when both imported and local infection are suspected. Future control strategies that aim to treat whole households in which an RDT(+) individual is found may target a substantial portion of infections that would otherwise not be detected.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03844-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T03:10:35Z","timestamp":1626059435000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Clustering of subpatent infections in households with asymptomatic rapid diagnostic test-positive cases in Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea independent of travel to regions of higher malaria endemicity: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9417-4340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dianna E. B.","family":"Hergott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Balkus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillermo A.","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kurtis R.","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annette M.","family":"Seilie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haley","family":"Masters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akum A.","family":"Aveika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcos Mbuilto","family":"Iyanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremias Nzamio","family":"Mba Eyono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brandon L.","family":"Guthrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean C.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"3844_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0966","volume":"103","author":"PF Billingsley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Billingsley PF, Maas CD, Olotu A, Schwabe C, Garc\u00eda GA, Rivas MR, et al. The Equatoguinean Malaria Vaccine Initiative: from the launching of a clinical research platform to malaria elimination planning in Central West Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;103:947\u201354.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3844_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25137","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025137","volume":"6","author":"J Cook","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cook J, Kleinschmidt I, Schwabe C, Nseng G, Bousema T, Corran PH, et al. Serological markers suggest heterogeneity of effectiveness of malaria control interventions on Bioko Island Equatorial Guinea. PLoS One. 2011;6:e25137.","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"3844_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2213-9","volume":"17","author":"J Cook","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cook J, Hergott D, Phiri W, Rivas MR, Bradley J, Segura L, et al. Trends in parasite prevalence following 13 years of malaria interventions on Bioko island, Equatorial Guinea: 2004\u20132016. Malar J. 2018;17:62.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3844_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1069","volume":"3","author":"SI Hay","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hay SI, Guerra CA, Tatem AJ, Atkinson PM, Snow RW. Urbanization, malaria transmission and disease burden in Africa. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2005;3:81\u201390.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"3844_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-287","volume":"8","author":"AJ Tatem","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tatem AJ, Qiu Y, Smith DL, Sabot O, Ali AS, Moonen B. The use of mobile phone data for the estimation of the travel patterns and imported Plasmodium falciparum rates among Zanzibar residents. Malar J. 2009;8:287.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3844_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2511-2","volume":"17","author":"MF Finda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Finda MF, Limwagu AJ, Ngowo HS, Matowo NS, Swai JK, Kaindoa E, et al. Dramatic decreases of malaria transmission intensities in Ifakara, south-eastern Tanzania since early 2000s. Malar J. 2018;17:362.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3844_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed4040123","volume":"4","author":"MR Boyce","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boyce MR, Katz R, Standley CJ. Risk factors for infectious diseases in urban environments of sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and critical appraisal of evidence. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2019;4:123.","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"3844_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S86","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16039","volume":"528","author":"L Wu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu L, Van Den Hoogen LL, Slater H, Walker PGT, Ghani AC, Drakeley CJ, et al. Comparison of diagnostics for the detection of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections to inform control and elimination strategies. Nature. 2015;528:S86-93.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3844_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09441-1","volume":"10","author":"HC Slater","year":"2019","unstructured":"Slater HC, Ross A, Felger I, Hofmann NE, Robinson L, Cook J, et al. The temporal dynamics and infectiousness of subpatent Plasmodium falciparum infections in relation to parasite density. Nat Commun. 2019;10:1433.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3844_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003370","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003370","volume":"17","author":"G Stresman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stresman G, Whittaker C, Slater HC, Bousema T, Cook J. Quantifying Plasmodium falciparum infections clustering within households to inform household-based intervention strategies for malaria control programs: an observational study and meta-analysis from 41 malaria-endemic countries. PLoS Med. 2020;17:e1003370.","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"3844_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0986-7","volume":"14","author":"P Ncogo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ncogo P, Herrador Z, Romay-Barja M, Garc\u00eda-Carrasco E, Nseng G, Berzosa P, et al. Malaria prevalence in Bata district, Equatorial Guinea: a cross-sectional study. Malar J. 2015;14:456.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3844_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0579-5","volume":"14","author":"J Bradley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bradley J, Monti F, Rehman AM, Schwabe C, Vargas D, Garcia G, et al. Infection importation: a key challenge to malaria elimination on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. Malar J. 2015;14:46.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3844_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0256","volume":"93","author":"HJW Sturrock","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sturrock HJW, Roberts KW, Wegbreit J, Ohrt C, Gosling RD. Tackling imported malaria: an elimination endgame. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;93:139\u201344.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3844_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1223467","volume":"338","author":"A Wesolowski","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wesolowski A, Eagle N, Tatem AJ, Smith DL, Noor AM, Snow RW, et al. Quantifying the impact of human mobility on malaria. Science. 2012;338:267\u201370.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3844_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2015.04.002","volume":"89","author":"K Wangdi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wangdi K, Gatton ML, Kelly GC, Clements ACA. Cross-border malaria: a major obstacle for malaria elimination. Adv Parasitol. 2015;89:79\u2013107.","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"3844_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00093","volume":"1","author":"A Le Menach","year":"2011","unstructured":"Le Menach A, Tatem AJ, Cohen JM, Hay SI, Randell H, Patil AP, et al. Travel risk, malaria importation and malaria transmission in Zanzibar. Sci Rep. 2011;1:93.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3844_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-52","volume":"13","author":"AJ Tatem","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tatem AJ, Huang Z, Narib C, Kumar U, Kandula D, Pindolia DK, et al. Integrating rapid risk mapping and mobile phone call record data for strategic malaria elimination planning. Malar J. 2014;13:52.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3844_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10339-1","volume":"10","author":"CA Guerra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guerra CA, Kang SY, Citron DT, Hergott DEB, Perry M, Smith J, et al. Human mobility patterns and malaria importation on Bioko Island. Nat Commun. 2019;10:2332.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3844_CR19","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estadistica de Guinea Ecuatorial. Sintesis de los Resultados Preliminares del Censo de Poblacion 2015. Malabo; 2015. p. 3. https:\/\/inege.gq. Accessed 21 Feb 2021."},{"key":"3844_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-253","volume":"5","author":"HJ Overgaard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Overgaard HJ, Reddy VP, Abaga S, Matias A, Reddy MR, Kulkarni V, et al. Malaria transmission after five years of vector control on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:253.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"3844_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-154","volume":"12","author":"AM Rehman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rehman AM, Mann AG, Schwabe C, Reddy MR, Roncon Gomes I, Slotman MA, et al. Five years of malaria control in the continental region Equatorial Guinea. Malar J. 2013;12:154.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3844_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2920-x","volume":"18","author":"GA Garc\u00eda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda GA, Hergott DEB, Phiri WP, Perry M, Smith J, Osa Nfumu JO, et al. Mapping and enumerating houses and households to support malaria control interventions on Bioko Island. Malar J. 2019;18:283.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3844_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0094","volume":"100","author":"AM Seilie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seilie AM, Chang M, Hanron AE, Billman ZP, Stone BC, Zhou K, et al. Beyond blood smears\u202f: qualification of Plasmodium 18S rRNA as a biomarker for controlled human malaria infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2019;100:1466\u201376.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3844_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fitzmaurice GM, Laird NM, Ware JW. Applied longitudinal analysis. 2nd ed. Balding DJ, Cressie NA, Fitzmaurice GM, Goldstein H, Johnstone IM, Molenberghs G, et al., Eds. Hoboken: Wiley; 2011.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119513469"},{"key":"3844_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0245","volume":"97","author":"S Das","year":"2017","unstructured":"Das S, Jang IK, Barney B, Peck R, Rek JC, Arinaitwe E, et al. Performance of a high-sensitivity rapid diagnostic test for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in asymptomatic individuals from Uganda and Myanmar and naive human challenge infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017;97:1540\u201350.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3844_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv302","volume":"212","author":"GH Stresman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stresman GH, Baidjoe AY, Stevenson J, Grignard L, Odongo W, Owaga C, et al. Focal screening to identify the subpatent parasite reservoir in an area of low and heterogeneous transmission in the Kenya Highlands. J Infect Dis. 2015;212:1768\u201377.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"3844_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix136","volume":"64","author":"A Bj\u00f6rkman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rkman A, Cook J, Sturrock H, Msellem M, Ali A, Xu W, et al. Spatial distribution of falciparum malaria infections in Zanzibar: implications for focal drug administration strategies targeting asymptomatic parasite carriers. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64:1236\u201343.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"3844_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.06.017","volume":"97","author":"L Stuck","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stuck L, Fakih BS, Al-mafazy A, Wahid H, Hofmann NE, Holzschuh A, Grossenbacher B, et al. Malaria infection prevalence and sensitivity of reactive case detection in Zanzibar. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;97:337\u201346.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"3844_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu655","volume":"211","author":"J Cook","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cook J, Xu W, Msellem M, Vonk M, Bergstr\u00f6m B, Gosling R, et al. Mass screening and treatment on the basis of results of a Plasmodium falciparum-specific rapid diagnostic test did not reduce malaria incidence in Zanzibar. J Infect Dis. 2015;211:1476\u201383.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"3844_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy231","volume":"67","author":"I Sutanto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sutanto I, Kosasih A, Elyazar IRF, Simanjuntak DR, Larasati TA, Dahlan MS, et al. Negligible impact of mass screening and treatment on mesoendemic malaria transmission at West Timor in Eastern Indonesia: a cluster-randomized trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67:1364\u201372.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"3844_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.55.32","volume":"55","author":"LM Camargo","year":"1996","unstructured":"Camargo LM, Colletto GM, Ferreira MU, Gurgel S, Escobar AL, Marques A, et al. Hypoendemic malaria in Rondonia (Brazil, Western Amazon Region): seasonal variation and risk groups in an urban locality. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1996;55:32\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"3844_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35592","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035592","volume":"7","author":"S Pathak","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pathak S, Rege M, Gogtay NJ, Aigal U, Sharma SK, Valecha N, et al. Age-dependent sex bias in clinical malarial disease in hypoendemic regions. PLoS One. 2012;7:e35592.","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"3844_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0217414","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217414","volume":"14","author":"MF Finda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Finda MF, Moshi IR, Monroe A, Limwagu AJ, Nyoni AP, Swai JK, et al. Linking human behaviours and malaria vector biting risk in south-eastern Tanzania. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0217414.","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"3844_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00025-08","volume":"22","author":"DL Doolan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Doolan DL, Doba\u00f1o C, Baird JK. Acquired immunity to malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009;22:13\u201336.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"3844_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59872","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.59872","volume":"9","author":"J Briggs","year":"2020","unstructured":"Briggs J, Teyssier N, Nankabirwa JI, Rek J, Jagannathan P, Arinaitwe E, et al. Sex-based differences in clearance of chronic Plasmodium falciparum infection. Elife. 2020;9:e59872.","journal-title":"Elife."},{"key":"3844_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-2004-8","volume":"16","author":"N Tejedor-Garavito","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tejedor-Garavito N, Dlamini N, Pindolia D, Soble A, Ruktanonchai NW, Alegana V, et al. Travel patterns and demographic characteristics of malaria cases in Swaziland, 2010\u20132014. Malar J. 2017;16:359.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3844_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0119","volume":"91","author":"S Shekalaghe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shekalaghe S, Rutaihwa M, Billingsley PF, Chemba M, Daubenberger CA, James ER, et al. Controlled human malaria Infection of Tanzanians by intradermal injection of aseptic, purified, cryopreserved Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;91:471\u201380.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3844_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03178-9","volume":"19","author":"P Berzosa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Berzosa P, Gonz\u00e1lez V, Taravillo L, Mayor A, Romay-Barja M, Garci\u00e1 L, et al. First evidence of the deletion in the pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 genes in Plasmodium falciparum from Equatorial Guinea. Malar J. 2020;19:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Malar J"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03844-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03844-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03844-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T03:13:45Z","timestamp":1626059625000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03844-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3844"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03844-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1475-2875"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 July 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The original MIS was approved by the MoHSW of Equatorial Guinea and the London School of Tropical Medicine (Application 5556). Approval for this specific research was provided by the University of Washington Institutional Review Board (STUDY00007737). Written informed consent was provided by an adult representative of each household at the time of survey. Verbal assent was provided by all household members before they provided blood samples for malaria testing.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"313"}}