{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T22:29:59Z","timestamp":1793831399137,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium malariae<\/jats:italic>\n                      is the cause of the rare but severe form of malaria that sometimes affects individuals travelling to malaria-endemic regions. This report presents the unique case of a patient exhibiting severe malaria symptoms caused by\n                      <jats:italic>P. malariae<\/jats:italic>\n                      with no record of recent travel to any malaria-endemic areas.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An 81-year-old French woman was admitted to the emergency department with sustained fever and severe weakness for the past 5 days. She suffered from anaemia, thrombocytopenia, confusion, somnolence, pulmonary complications, and hypoxaemia. In the absence of any concrete aetiology that could explain the fever together with thrombocytopenia, physicians suspected malaria as a probable diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The LAMP-PCR and lateral flow test confirmed the presence of malaria parasite,\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. Microscopic examination (May-Gr\u00fcnwald Giemsa-stained thin blood smear) revealed the presence of trophozoites, schizonts, and gametocytes with 0.93\u2009% parasitaemia. Conventional PCR amplification targeting 510\u00a0bp DNA fragment of small\u00a0subunit ribosomal RNA (ssrRNA) and bidirectional sequencing identified the parasite as\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium malariae<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The travel history of this patient revealed her visits to several countries in Europe (Greece), North Africa (Tunisia and Morocco), and the West Indies (Dominican Republic). Of these, the latter was the only country known to be endemic for malaria at the time (three malaria parasite species were prevalent:\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>P. malariae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). The patient had most likely got infected when she visited the Dominican Republic in the summer of 2002. This time interval between the initial parasite infection (2002) till the onset of symptoms and its subsequent diagnosis (2020) is a reminder of the ability of\n                      <jats:italic>P. malariae<\/jats:italic>\n                      to persist in the human host for many years.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This report highlights the persistent nature and ability of\n                      <jats:italic>P. malariae<\/jats:italic>\n                      to cause severe infection in the host even after a prolonged time interval.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03870-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T04:04:07Z","timestamp":1628136247000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Severe long-delayed malaria caused by Plasmodium malariae in an elderly French patient"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Anthony","family":"Marteau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Ouedraogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Van der Meersch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4672-9836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Akhoundi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berenice","family":"Souhail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Bouchaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arezki","family":"Izri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"3870_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760140266","volume":"110","author":"PF Pimenta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pimenta PF, Orfano AS, Bahia AC, Duarte AP, Rios-Velasquez CM, Melo FF, et al. An overview of malaria transmission from the perspective of Amazon Anopheles vectors. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2015;110:23\u201347.","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"3870_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1611.100694","volume":"16","author":"S Rebaudet","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rebaudet S, Bogreau H, Sila\u00ef R, Leperre JF, Bertaux L, Pradines B, et al. Genetic structure of Plasmodium falciparum and elimination of malaria, Comoros archipelago. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:1686\u201394.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"3870_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-265","volume":"7","author":"NP Kar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kar NP, Kumar A, Singh OP, Carlton JM, Nanda N. A review of malaria transmission dynamics in forest ecosystems. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:265.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"3870_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2019.06.002","volume":"50","author":"M Thellier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thellier M, Simard F, Musset L, Cote M, Velut G, Kendjo E, Pradines B. Changes in malaria epidemiology in France and worldwide, 2000\u20132015. Med Mal Infect. 2020;50:99\u2013112.","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"key":"3870_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1086\/508782","volume":"43","author":"DR Hill","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hill DR, Ericsson CD, Pearson RD, Keystone JS, Freedman DO, Kozarsky PE, et al. The practice of travel medicine: guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:1499\u2013539.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"3870_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villamil-G\u00f3mez WE, Eyes-Escalante M, Franco-Paredes C. Severe and complicated malaria due to Plasmodium vivax. In: Current topics in malaria. Rodriguew-Morales AJ, Ed. InTech: London, UK, 2016.","DOI":"10.5772\/64974"},{"key":"3870_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2012026","DOI":"10.4084\/mjhid.2012.026","volume":"4","author":"A Bartoloni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bartoloni A, Zammarchi L. Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2012;4:e2012026.","journal-title":"Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis"},{"key":"3870_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-3067-5","volume":"18","author":"A Izri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Izri A, Cojean S, Leblanc C, Cohen Y, Bouchaud O, Durand R. Plasmodium vivax severe imported malaria in two migrants in France. Malar J. 2019;18:422.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3870_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03344-z","volume":"19","author":"M Kotepui","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kotepui M, Kotepui KU, Milanez GD, Msangkay FR. Global prevalence and mortality of severe Plasmodium malariae infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Malar J. 2020;19:274.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3870_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2003.11.002","volume":"90","author":"KK Scopel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Scopel KK, Fontes CJ, Nunes AC, Horta MF, Braga EM. High prevalence of Plasmodium malariae infections in a Brazilian Amazon endemic area (Apiac\u00e1s-Mato Grosso State) as detected by polymerase chain reaction. Acta Trop. 2004;90:61\u20134.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"3870_CR11","first-page":"151","volume":"48","author":"I Mueller","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mueller I, Tulloch J, Marfurt J, Hide R, Reeder JC. Malaria control in Papua New Guinea results in complex epidemiological changes. PNG Med J. 2005;48:151\u20137.","journal-title":"PNG Med J"},{"key":"3870_CR12","first-page":"52","volume":"128","author":"PK Mohapatra","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mohapatra PK, Prakash A, Bhattacharyya DR, Goswami BK, Ahmed A, Sarmah B, et al. Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Indian J Med Res. 2008;128:52\u20136.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"3870_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e87169","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087169","volume":"9","author":"C Roucher","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roucher C, Rogier C, Sokhna C, Tall A, Trape JF. A 20-year longitudinal study of Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae prevalence and morbidity in a West African population. PLoS One. 2014;9:e87169.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"3870_CR14","unstructured":"Warrell DA: Clinical features of malaria. Essential Malariology. Edited by: Warrell DA, Gilles HM. 2002, New York: Oxford University Press, 192-4."},{"key":"3870_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(93)90050-8","volume":"58","author":"G Snounou","year":"1993","unstructured":"Snounou G, Viriyakosol S, Jarra W, Thaithong S, Brown KN. Identification of the four human malaria parasite species in field samples by the polymerase chain reaction and detection of a high prevalence of mixed infections. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1993;58:283\u201392.","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"3870_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e191691","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.1691","volume":"2","author":"E Kendjo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kendjo E, Houz\u00e9 S, Mouri O, Taieb A, Gay F, Jaur\u00e9guiberry S, et al. Epidemiologic trends in malaria incidence among travelers returning to metropolitan France, 1996\u20132016. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2:e191691.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"3870_CR17","first-page":"228","volume":"27","author":"F Bruneel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bruneel F, Raffetin A, Roujansky A, Corne P, Tridon C, LlitjosJF, et al. Prise encharge du paludisme grave d\u2019importation de l\u2019adulte. Med Intensive Reanim. 2018;27:228\u201338.","journal-title":"Med Intensive Reanim"},{"key":"3870_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90074-M","volume":"86","author":"P Marty","year":"1992","unstructured":"Marty P, Le Fichoux Y, Izri MA, Mora M, Mora M, Mathieu B, et al. Autochtonous Plasmodium falciparum malaria in southern France. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1992;86:478.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3870_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1308.070143","volume":"13","author":"B Doudier","year":"2007","unstructured":"Doudier B, Bogreau H, DeVries A, Pon\u00e7on N, Stauffer WM 3rd, Fontenille D, et al. Possible autochthonous malaria from Marseille to Minneapolis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:1236\u20138.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"3870_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20600","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2013.18.40.20600","volume":"18","author":"S Gallien","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gallien S, Taieb F, Hamane S, De Castro N, Molina JM. Autochthonous falciparum malaria possibly transmitted by luggage-carried vector in Paris, France, February 2013. Euro Surveill. 2013;18:20600.","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"3870_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.2310\/7060.2003.2599","volume":"10","author":"M Morovic","year":"2003","unstructured":"Morovic M, Poljak I, Miletic B, Troselj-Vukic B, Seili-Bekafigo I, Milotic I. Late symptomatic Plasmodium malariae relapse in the territory of the former Yugoslavia. J Travel Med. 2003;10:301\u20132.","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"3870_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004195","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004195","volume":"9","author":"S Langford","year":"2015","unstructured":"Langford S, Douglas NM, Lampah DA, et al. Plasmodium malariae infection associated with a high burden of anemia: a hospital-based surveillance study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9:e0004195.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"3870_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-226","volume":"13","author":"AS Badiane","year":"2014","unstructured":"Badiane AS, Diongue K, Diallo S, et al. Acute kidney injury associated with Plasmodium malariae infection. Malar J. 2014;13:226.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3870_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1976.03630070051016","volume":"136","author":"ML Tapper","year":"1976","unstructured":"Tapper ML, Armstrong D. Malaria complicating neoplastic disease. Arch Intern Med. 1976;136:807\u201310.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"3870_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.06.014","volume":"104","author":"W Rahman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rahman W, Chotivanich K, Silamut K, Tanomsing N, Hossain A, Faiz MA, et al. Plasmodium malariae in Bangladesh. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2010;104:78\u201380.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3870_CR26","first-page":"e53","volume":"59","author":"GBD Silva","year":"2017","unstructured":"Silva GBD, Junior, Pinto JR, Barros EJG, Farias GMN, Daher EF. Kidney involvement in malaria: an update. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2017;59:e53.","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"3870_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5348.27","volume":"2","author":"HM Gilles","year":"1963","unstructured":"Gilles HM, Hendrickse RG. Nephrosis in Nigerian children. Role of Plasmodium malariae, and effect of antimalarial treatment. BMJ. 1963;2:27\u201331.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"3870_CR28","first-page":"166","volume":"66","author":"S Neri","year":"2008","unstructured":"Neri S, Pulvirenti D, Patamia I, Zoccolo A, Castellino P. Acute renal failure in Plasmodium malariae infection. Neth J Med. 2008;66:166\u20138.","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"key":"3870_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1505.081081","volume":"15","author":"PN Descheemaeker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Descheemaeker PN, Mira JP, Bruneel F, et al. Near-fatal multiple organ dysfunction syndrome induced by Plasmodium malariae. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:832\u20134.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"3870_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8305.2011.00526.x","volume":"18","author":"R Hedelius","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hedelius R, Fletcher JJ, Glass WF 2nd, Susanti AI, Maguire JD. Nephrotic syndrome and unrecognized Plasmodium malariae infection in a US Navy sailor 14 years after departing Nigeria. J Travel Med. 2011;18:288\u201391.","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"3870_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e125-8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.009","volume":"17","author":"P Andriopoulos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Andriopoulos P, Economopoulou A, Spanakos G, Assimakopoulos G. A local outbreak of autochthonous Plasmodium vivax malaria in Laconia, Greece\u2013a re-emerging infection in the southern borders of Europe? Int J Infect Dis. 2013;17:e125-8.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"3870_CR32","unstructured":"WHO. Successful elimination and prevention of re-establishment of malaria in Tunisia. Geneva, World Health Organization. 2015. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/181420."},{"key":"3870_CR33","unstructured":"WHO. Morocco certified malaria-free. Weekly Epidemiological Record 85;24:235\u20136. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/241589."},{"key":"3870_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0605.000515","volume":"6","author":"T Jelinek","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jelinek T, Grobush M, Harms-Zwingenberger G, Kollritsch H, Richter J, Zieger B. Falciparum malaria in European tourist to the Dominican Republic. Emerg Infect Dis. 2000;6:537\u20138.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"3870_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2807\/esm.06.04.00214-en","volume":"6","author":"J Richter","year":"2001","unstructured":"Richter J, Sagir A, Schoneberg I, Alper K, Haussinger D. Malaria and tourism: retrospective analysis of German malaria cases imported from the Dominican Republic. Euro Surveill. 2001;6:65\u20136.","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"3870_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1103.0400898","volume":"11","author":"JL Haro-Gonz\u00e1","year":"2005","unstructured":"Haro-Gonz\u00e1 JL, Bernabeu-Wittel M, Ca\u00f1as E, Regord\u00e1n C. Malaria and travel to the Dominican Republic. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:499\u2013500.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"3870_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.2807\/esm.05.07.00017-en","volume":"5","author":"D Lusina","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lusina D, Legros F, Esteve V, Klerlein M, Giacomini T. Airport malaria: four new cases in suburban Paris during summer 1999. Euro Surveill. 2000;5:76\u201380.","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"3870_CR38","unstructured":"WHO. Antimalarial Drug Combination Therapy: Report of a Technical Consultation. Geneva, World Health Organization; 2001."},{"key":"3870_CR39","unstructured":"Recommandations de Pratique Clinique 2017. Mise \u00e0 jour 2017 des RPC 2007. Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de pathologie infectieuse de langue fran\u00e7aise. Prise en charge et pr\u00e9vention du paludisme d\u2019importation: http:\/\/www.infectiologie.com\/UserFiles\/File\/spilf\/recos\/2017-palu-texte-final-flash.pdf."}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03870-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03870-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03870-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T04:06:56Z","timestamp":1628136416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03870-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3870"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03870-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 August 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Written consent was obtained from the patients for publication.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"337"}}