{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T15:47:16Z","timestamp":1785167236729,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Generous foundation: Dioraphte Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Understanding the blood feeding preferences and resting habits of malaria vectors is important for assessing and designing effective malaria vector control tools. The presence of livestock, such as cattle, which are used as blood meal hosts by some malaria vectors, may impact malaria parasite transmission dynamics. The presence of livestock may provide sufficient blood meals for the vectors, thereby reducing the frequency of vectors biting humans. Alternatively, the presence of cattle may enhance the availability of blood meals such that infectious mosquitoes may survive longer, thereby increasing the risk of malaria transmission. This study assessed the effect of household-level cattle presence and distribution on the abundance of indoor and outdoor resting malaria vectors.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Houses with and without cattle were selected in Chikwawa district, southern Malawi for sampling resting malaria vectors. Prokopack aspirators and clay pots were used for indoor and outdoor sampling, respectively. Each house was sampled over two consecutive days. For houses with cattle nearby, the number of cattle and the distances from the house to where the cattle were corralled the previous night were recorded. All data were analysed using generalized linear models fitted with Poisson distribution.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The malaria vectors caught resting indoors were <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae <\/jats:italic><jats:italic>sensu<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>stricto<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>s.s<\/jats:italic>.), <jats:italic>Anopheles arabiensis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Anopheles funestus<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>s.s<\/jats:italic>. Outdoor collections consisted primarily of <jats:italic>An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic>. The catch sizes of indoor resting <jats:italic>An. gambiae <\/jats:italic><jats:italic>sensu<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>lato<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>s.l<\/jats:italic>.) were not different in houses with and without cattle (P\u2009=\u20090.34). The presence of cattle near a house was associated with a reduction in the abundance of indoor resting <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>s.l.<\/jats:italic> (P\u2009=\u20090.04). This effect was strongest when cattle were kept overnight \u2264\u200915\u00a0m away from the houses (P\u2009=\u20090.03). The blood meal hosts varied across the species.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>These results highlight differences between malaria vector species and their interactions with potential blood meal hosts, which may have implications for malaria risk. Whereas <jats:italic>An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic> remained unaffected, the reduction of <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>s.s<\/jats:italic>. in houses near cattle suggests a potential protective effect of cattle. However, the low abundance of mosquitoes reduced the power of some analyses and limited the generalizability of the results to other settings. Therefore, further studies incorporating the vectors\u2019 host-seeking behaviour\/human biting rates are recommended to fully support the primary finding.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03885-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T19:02:30Z","timestamp":1630004550000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Impact of cattle on the abundance of indoor and outdoor resting malaria vectors in southern Malawi"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8846-0615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monicah M.","family":"Mburu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kennedy","family":"Zembere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Themba","family":"Mzilahowa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja D.","family":"Terlouw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tumaini","family":"Malenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henk","family":"van den Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willem","family":"Takken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"McCann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"3885_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. 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The purpose and procedure of the study was explained in the local language, Chichewa, to local leaders, community members in the participating villages, household heads and members. Households were only enrolled in the study after providing written consent prior to the start of the study. An impartial witness was present in cases where the head of the household was illiterate.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"353"}}