{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T20:58:12Z","timestamp":1757451492977,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631059200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004417","name":"Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004417","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A malaria slide bank (MSB) is a useful asset for any malaria microscopy testing laboratory to have access to. However, it is not feasible for every country to have its own MSB. If countries are able to pool their resources, a regional MSB is a viable solution. This paper describes the methodology, costing and lessons learnt of establishing and maintaining an MSB over a 3-year period, for a Southern Africa Development Community region.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A national reference laboratory in South Africa was granted funding for setting up the MSB; it possessed experienced staff and suitable resources. Two additional full-time personnel were employed to carry out the activities of this project. Strict protocols for donor\/patient blood sample screening, smear preparation, mass staining, quality control and slide validation were followed. Slides from the MSB were used for training and proficiency testing purposes. The initial and recurrent yearly costs to set up and maintain the MSB were calculated.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Over 35\u00a0months, 154 batches (26,623 slides) were prepared; the majority were <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>. Ninety-two percent (141\/154) of batches passed internal quality control, and 89% (93\/104) passed external validation. From these slides, two training slide sets and six proficiency testing slide sets were sent out. The initial year\u2019s cost to establish an MSB was calculated at approximately $165,000, and the recurrent year-on-year cost was $130,000.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The key components for maintaining a high-quality MSB are consistent funding, competent staff and adherence to standardized protocols. Travel to malaria-endemic areas for access to non-falciparum malaria species, and dilution of <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> blood to desired parasite densities, are extremely useful to ensure variety. The MSB created here supported multiple laboratories in eight countries, and has the potential to expand.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03899-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T08:03:03Z","timestamp":1631088183000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Improving the quality of malaria diagnosis in southern Africa through the development of a regional malaria slide bank"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2344-3811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhavani","family":"Moodley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anderson","family":"Chinorumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheryl","family":"Hamman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Avhatakali","family":"Matamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chadwick H.","family":"Sikaala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Immo","family":"Kleinschmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Frean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"3899_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2015.04.002","volume":"89","author":"K Wangdi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wangdi K, Gatton ML, Kelly GC, Clements ACA. Cross-border malaria: a major obstacle for malaria elimination. Adv Parasitol. 2015;89:79\u2013107.","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"3899_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2019.v109i11b.14250","volume":"109","author":"R Maharaj","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maharaj R, Kissoon S, Lakan V, Kheswa N. Rolling back malaria in Africa\u2014challenges and opportunities to winning the elimination battle. S Afr Med J. 2019;109:53\u20136.","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"3899_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.06.019","volume":"121","author":"WJ Moss","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moss WJ, Norris DE, Mharakurwa S, Scott A, Mulenga M, Mason PR, et al. Challenges and prospects for malaria elimination in the southern Africa region. Acta Trop. 2012;121:207\u201311.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"3899_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1470-8","volume":"15","author":"D Moonasar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moonasar D, Maharaj R, Kunene S, Candrinho B, Saute F, Ntshalintshali N, et al. Towards malaria elimination in the MOSASWA (Mozambique, South Africa and Swaziland) region. Malar J. 2016;15:419.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3899_CR5","volume-title":"Global technical strategy for malaria, 2016\u20132030","author":"WHO","year":"2015","unstructured":"WHO. Global technical strategy for malaria, 2016\u20132030. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015."},{"key":"3899_CR6","volume-title":"A framework for malaria elimination","author":"WHO","year":"2017","unstructured":"WHO. A framework for malaria elimination. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017."},{"key":"3899_CR7","volume-title":"Malaria microscopy quality assurance manual","author":"WHO","year":"2016","unstructured":"WHO. Malaria microscopy quality assurance manual. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016.","edition":"2"},{"key":"3899_CR8","unstructured":"NICD webpage. https:\/\/www.nicd.ac.za\/about-us\/. Accessed 12 Jul 2020."},{"key":"3899_CR9","volume-title":"Basic malaria microscopy part I. Learner\u2019s guide","author":"WHO","year":"2010","unstructured":"WHO. Basic malaria microscopy part I. Learner\u2019s guide. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.","edition":"2"},{"key":"3899_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-5-92","volume":"5","author":"JD Maguire","year":"2006","unstructured":"Maguire JD, Lederman ER, Barcus MJ, O\u2019Meara WAP, Jordon RG, Duong S, et al. Production and validation of durable, high quality standardized malaria microscopy slides for teaching, testing and quality assurance during an era of declining diagnostic proficiency. Malar J. 2006;5:92.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3899_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.091876","volume":"90","author":"J Frean","year":"2012","unstructured":"Frean J, Perovic O, Fensham V, McCarthy K, von Gottberg A, de Gouveia L, et al. External quality assessment of national public health laboratories in Africa, 2002\u20132009. Bull World Health Organ. 2012;90:191\u20139.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"3899_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.1.528.2005","volume":"43","author":"J-C Petithory","year":"2005","unstructured":"Petithory J-C, Ardoin F, Ash LR. Rapid and inexpensive method of diluting Giemsa stain for diagnosis of malaria and other infestations by blood parasites. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:528\u2013528.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"3899_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-352","volume":"11","author":"S Ashraf","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ashraf S, Kao A, Hugo C, Christophel EM, Fatunmbi B, Luchavez J, et al. Developing standards for malaria microscopy: external competency assessment for malaria microscopists in the Asia-Pacific. Malar J. 2012;11:352.","journal-title":"Malar J"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03899-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03899-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03899-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T08:09:54Z","timestamp":1631088594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03899-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3899"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03899-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1475-2875"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 May 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 August 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical clearance for use of blood samples for slide production was obtained from the University of Witwatersrand Human Research Ethics Committee (Clearance Certificate Number M161061).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"365"}}