{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T00:51:43Z","timestamp":1793235103644,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635897600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Since 2005, artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) has been recommended to treat uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Madagascar. Artesunate-amodiaquine (ASAQ) and artemether-lumefantrine (AL) are the first- and second-line treatments, respectively. A therapeutic efficacy study was conducted to assess ACT efficacy and molecular markers of anti-malarial resistance.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Children aged six months to 14\u00a0years with uncomplicated falciparum malaria and a parasitaemia of 1000\u2013100,000 parasites\/\u00b5l determined by microscopy were enrolled from May\u2013September 2018 in a 28-day in vivo trial using the 2009 World Health Organization protocol for monitoring anti-malarial efficacy. Participants from two communes, Ankazomborona (tropical, northwest) and Matanga (equatorial, southeast), were randomly assigned to ASAQ or AL arms at their respective sites. PCR correction was achieved by genotyping seven neutral microsatellites in paired pre- and post-treatment samples. Genotyping assays for molecular markers of resistance in the <jats:italic>pfk13<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic> genes were conducted.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Of 344 patients enrolled, 167\/172 (97%) receiving ASAQ and 168\/172 (98%) receiving AL completed the study. For ASAQ, the day-28 cumulative PCR-uncorrected efficacy was 100% (95% CI 100\u2013100) and 95% (95% CI 91\u2013100) for Ankazomborona and Matanga, respectively; for AL, it was 99% (95% CI 97\u2013100) in Ankazomborona and 83% (95% CI 76\u201392) in Matanga. The day-28 cumulative PCR-corrected efficacy for ASAQ was 100% (95% CI 100\u2013100) and 98% (95% CI 95\u2013100) for Ankazomborona and Matanga, respectively; for AL, it was 100% (95% CI 99\u2013100) in Ankazomborona and 95% (95% CI 91\u2013100) in Matanga. Of 83 successfully sequenced samples for <jats:italic>pfk13<\/jats:italic>, no mutation associated with artemisinin resistance was observed. A majority of successfully sequenced samples for <jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic> carried either the NFD or NYD haplotypes corresponding to codons 86, 184 and 1246. Of 82 successfully sequenced samples for <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic>, all were wild type at codons 72\u201376.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>PCR-corrected analysis indicated that ASAQ and AL have therapeutic efficacies above the 90% WHO acceptable cut-off. No genetic evidence of resistance to artemisinin was observed, which is consistent with the clinical outcome data. However, the most common <jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic> haplotypes were NYD and NFD, previously associated with tolerance to lumefantrine.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03935-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T10:03:08Z","timestamp":1635933788000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Efficacy of artesunate-amodiaquine and artemether-lumefantrine for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Madagascar, 2018"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9971-457X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine M.","family":"Dentinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tovonahary Angelo","family":"Rakotomanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antsa","family":"Rakotondrandriana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arinomenjanahary","family":"Rakotoarisoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie Ange","family":"Rason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah F.","family":"Moriarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura C.","family":"Steinhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Kapesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jocelyn","family":"Razafindrakoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samaly S.","family":"Svigel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi W.","family":"Lucchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkatachalam","family":"Udhayakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric S.","family":"Halsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Ars\u00e8ne","family":"Ratsimbasoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"3935_CR1","unstructured":"Institut National de la Statistique, Cellule Centrale d\u2019Execution du Recensement. R\u00e9sultats Provisoires du Troisi\u00e8me Recensement G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la Population et de l\u2019Habitation. Antananarivo, Madagascar. 2019."},{"key":"3935_CR2","unstructured":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 Publique, Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme. Routine data. Antananarivo, Madagascar. 2020."},{"key":"3935_CR3","unstructured":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 Publique, Secretariat General. Plan strat\u00e9gique national de lutte contre le paludisme, Madagascar, 2018\u20132022. Antananarivo. 2017."},{"key":"3935_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01739.x","volume":"11","author":"MB Denis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Denis MB, Tsuyuoka R, Lim P, Lindegardh N, Yi P, Top SN, et al. Efficacy of artemether\u2013lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in northwest Cambodia. Trop Med Int Health. 2006;11:1800\u20137.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"3935_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60484-X","volume":"379","author":"AP Phyo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Phyo AP, Nkhoma S, Stepniewska K, Ashley EA, Nair S, McGready R, et al. Emergence of artemisinin-resistant malaria on the western border of Thailand: a longitudinal study. Lancet. 2012;379:1960\u20136.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3935_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0808859","volume":"361","author":"AM Dondorp","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dondorp AM, Nosten F, Yi P, Das D, Phyo AP, Tarning J, et al. Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:455\u201367.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3935_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00142-0","volume":"21","author":"A Uwimana","year":"2021","unstructured":"Uwimana A, Umulisa N, Venkatesan M, Svigel SS, Zhou Z, Munyaneza T, et al. Association of Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 R561H genotypes with delayed parasite clearance in Rwanda: an open-label, single-arm, multicentre, therapeutic efficacy study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21:1120\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"3935_CR8","volume-title":"Methods for surveillance of antimalarial drug efficacy","author":"WHO","year":"2009","unstructured":"WHO. Methods for surveillance of antimalarial drug efficacy. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009."},{"key":"3935_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2440-0","volume":"17","author":"O Raobela","year":"2018","unstructured":"Raobela O, Andriantsoanirina V, Rajaonera DG, Rakotomanga TA, Rabearimanana S, Ralinoro F. Efficacy of artesunate\u2013amodiaquine in the treatment of falciparum uncomplicated malaria in Madagascar. Malar J. 2018;17:284.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3935_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1712-4","volume":"16","author":"MM Plucinski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Plucinski MM, Dimbu PR, Macaia AP, Ferreira CM, Samutondo C, Quivinja J, et al. Efficacy of artemether\u2013lumefantrine, artesunate\u2013amodiaquine, and dihydroartemisinin\u2013piperaquine for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Angola, 2015. Malar J. 2017;16:62.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3935_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03585-6","volume":"20","author":"A Gansan\u00e9","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gansan\u00e9 A, Moriarty LF, M\u00e9nard D, Yerbanga I, Ouedraogo E, Sondo P, et al. Anti-malarial efficacy and resistance monitoring of artemether-lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine shows inadequate efficacy in children in Burkina Faso, 2017\u20132018. Malar J. 2021;20:48.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3935_CR12","first-page":"e-1949","volume":"65","author":"PR Dimbu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dimbu PR, Horth R, C\u00e2ndido ALM, Ferreira CM, Caquece F, Garcia LEA, et al. Continued low efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine in Angola, 2019. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2021;65:e-1949-20.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"3935_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260867","volume":"347","author":"J Straimer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Straimer J, Gn\u00e4dig NF, Witkowski B, Amaratunga C, Duru V, Ramadani AP, et al. K13-propeller mutations confer artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum clinical isolates. Science. 2015;347:428\u201331.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3935_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2012.08.002","volume":"28","author":"A Ecker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ecker A, Lehane AM, Clain J, Fidock DA. PfCRT and its role in antimalarial drug resistance. Trends Parasitol. 2012;28:504\u201314.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"3935_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis747","volume":"207","author":"M Malmberg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Malmberg M, Ferreira PE, Tarning J, Ursing J, Ngasala B, Bj\u00f6rkman A, et al. Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance phenotype as assessed by patient antimalarial drug levels and its association with pfmdr1 polymorphisms. J Infect Dis. 2013;207:842\u20137.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"3935_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0031","volume":"91","author":"M Venkatesan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Venkatesan M, Gadalla NB, Stepniewska K, Dahal P, Nsanzabana C, Moriera C, et al. Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter and multidrug resistance 1 genes: parasite risk factors that affect treatment outcomes for P. falciparum malaria after artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;91:833\u201343.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3935_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1086\/503423","volume":"42","author":"RN Price","year":"2006","unstructured":"Price RN, Uhlemann A-C, van Vugt M, Brockman A, Hutagalung R, Nair S, et al. Molecular and pharmacological determinants of the therapeutic response to artemether\u2013lumefantrine in multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:1570\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"3935_CR18","unstructured":"Institut National de la Statistique\u2014INSTAT\/Madagascar, Programme National de lutte contre le Paludisme\u2014PNLP\/Madagascar, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar\u2014IPM\/Madagascar, and ICF International. Enqu\u00eate sur les Indicateurs du Paludisme 2016. Calverton, MD, USA\u202f: INSTAT, PNLP, IPM and ICF International; 2016."},{"key":"3935_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2313.170366","volume":"23","author":"ES Halsey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Halsey ES, Venkatesan M, Plucinski MM, Talundzic E, Lucchi NW, Zhou Z, et al. Capacity development through the US President\u2019s malaria initiative-supported antimalarial resistance monitoring in africa network. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23:S53-56.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"3935_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136099","volume":"10","author":"E Talundzic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Talundzic E, Chenet SM, Goldman IF, Patel DS, Nelson JA, Plucinski MM, et al. Genetic analysis and species specific amplification of the artemisinin resistance-associated kelch propeller domain in P. falciparum and P. vivax. PLoS ONE. 2015;10: e0136099.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3935_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.836","volume":"75","author":"B Greenhouse","year":"2006","unstructured":"Greenhouse B, Myrick A, Dokomajilar C, Woo JM, Carlson EJ, Rosenthal PJ, et al. Validation of microsatellite markers for use in genotyping polyclonal Plasmodium falciparum infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006;75:836\u201342.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3935_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026247","volume":"17","author":"TJC Anderson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Anderson TJC, Haubold B, Williams JT, Estrada-Franco JG, Richardson L, Mollinedo R, et al. Microsatellite markers reveal a spectrum of population structures in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biol Evol. 2000;17:1467\u201382.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"3935_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6096","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00072-15","volume":"59","author":"MM Plucinski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Plucinski MM, Morton L, Bushman M, Dimbu PR, Udhayakumar V. Robust algorithm for systematic classification of malaria late treatment failures as recrudescence or reinfection using microsatellite genotyping. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:6096\u2013100.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"3935_CR24","unstructured":"WHO. Tools for monitoring antimalarial drug efficacy. Geneva, World Health Organization. 2020. http:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/areas\/drug_resistance\/efficacy-monitoring-tools\/en\/. Accessed 13 Jun 2020."},{"key":"3935_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.03.032","volume":"171","author":"C Salvador","year":"2017","unstructured":"Salvador C, Rafael B, Matsinhe F, Candrinho B, Muthemba R, De Carvalho E, et al. Efficacy and safety of artemether\u2013lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria at sentinel sites in Mozambique, 2015. Acta Trop. 2017;171:146\u201350.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"3935_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-309","volume":"13","author":"A Nhama","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nhama A, Bassat Q, Enosse S, Nhacolo A, Mutemba R, Carvalho E, et al. In vivo efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in children: a multisite, open-label, two-cohort, clinical trial in Mozambique. Malar J. 2014;13:309.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3935_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-007-0452-8","volume":"64","author":"C Orrell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Orrell C, Little F, Smith P, Folb P, Taylor W, Olliaro P, et al. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of artesunate and amodiaquine alone and in combination in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;64:683\u201390.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"3935_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-S1-S5","volume":"8","author":"M Makanga","year":"2009","unstructured":"Makanga M, Krudsood S. The clinical efficacy of artemether\/lumefantrine (Coartem\u00ae). Malar J. 2009;8:S5.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3935_CR29","unstructured":"COARTEM\u00ae(artemether and lumefantrine) tablets, for oral use. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; 2019."},{"key":"3935_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2290-9","volume":"17","author":"E Davlantes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Davlantes E, Dimbu PR, Ferreira CM, Florinda Joao M, Pode D, F\u00e9lix J, et al. Efficacy and safety of artemether\u2013lumefantrine, artesunate\u2013amodiaquine, and dihydroartemisinin\u2013piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in three provinces in Angola, 2017. Malar J. 2018;17:144.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3935_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-1080-x","volume":"15","author":"B Abuaku","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abuaku B, Duah N, Quaye L, Quashie N, Malm K, Bart-Plange C, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of artesunate\u2013amodiaquine and artemether\u2013lumefantrine combinations in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in two ecological zones in Ghana. Malar J. 2016;15:6.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3935_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.04.008","volume":"94","author":"MT Duraisingh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Duraisingh MT, Cowman AF. Contribution of the pfmdr1 gene to antimalarial drug-resistance. Acta Trop. 2005;94:181\u201390.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"3935_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0525","volume":"88","author":"IC Bygbjerg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bygbjerg IC, Alifrangis M, Tom\u00e1s EVE, Charlwood D, Thomsen TT, Madsen LB, et al. Rapid selection of Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter gene and multidrug resistance gene-1 haplotypes associated with past chloroquine and present artemether-lumefantrine use in Inhambane District, Southern Mozambique. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;88:536\u201341.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3935_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2730-1","volume":"18","author":"DS Ishengoma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ishengoma DS, Mandara CI, Francis F, Talundzic E, Lucchi NW, Ngasala B, et al. Efficacy and safety of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria and prevalence of Pfk13 and Pfmdr1 polymorphisms after a decade of using artemisinin-based combination therapy in mainland Tanzania. Malar J. 2019;18:88.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3935_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4588","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00610-09","volume":"53","author":"V Andriantsoanirina","year":"2009","unstructured":"Andriantsoanirina V, Ratsimbasoa A, Bouchier C, Jahevitra M, Rabearimanana S, Radrianjafy R, et al. Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance in Madagascar: facing the spread of unusual pfdhfr and pfmdr-1 haplotypes and the decrease of dihydroartemisinin susceptibility. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53:4588\u201397.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"3935_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013281","volume":"5","author":"V Andriantsoanirina","year":"2010","unstructured":"Andriantsoanirina V, Ratsimbasoa A, Bouchier C, Tichit M, Jahevitra M, Rabearimanana S, et al. Chloroquine clinical failures in P. falciparum malaria are associated with mutant pfmdr-1, not pfcrt in Madagascar. PLoS ONE. 2010;5: e13281.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3935_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa062032","volume":"355","author":"MK Laufer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Laufer MK, Dzinjalamala FK. Return of chloroquine antimalarial efficacy in Malawi. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1959\u201366.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3935_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa368","volume":"223","author":"S Mharakurwa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mharakurwa S, Matsena-Zingoni Z, Mudare N, Matimba C, Gara TX, Makuwaza A, et al. Steep rebound of chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum in Zimbabwe. J Infect Dis. 2021;223:306\u20139.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"3935_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.1079","volume":"76","author":"M-A Rason","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rason M-A, Andrianantenaina HB, Domarle O, Ariey F, Randrianarivelojosia M, Raveloson A. Prevalent Pfmdr1 N86y mutant Plasmodium falciparum in Madagascar despite absence of Pfcrt mutant strains. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;76:1079\u201383.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03935-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03935-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03935-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T10:04:50Z","timestamp":1635933890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03935-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3935"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03935-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 June 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethics approval and consent was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee of Biomedical Research of the Ministry of Public Health of Madagascar. The assessment was approved as a non-research programme evaluation activity by the Office of the Associate Director of Science, Center for Global Health, US CDC, Atlanta GA.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"432"}}