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However, since 2014 a notable upturn in the number of cases has been reported in the Mosquitia region shared by Nicaragua and Honduras. In addition, the proportion of <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> malaria cases has increased significantly relative to vivax malaria. Chloroquine continues to be the first-line drug to treat uncomplicated malaria in the region. The objective of this study was to evaluate the emergence of chloroquine resistant strains of <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> using a genetic approach. <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic> populations are not analysed in this study.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>205 blood samples from patients infected with <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> between 2018 and 2021 were analysed. The <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic> gene fragment encompassing codons 72\u201376 was analysed. Likewise, three fragments of the <jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic> gene were analysed in 51 samples by nested PCR and sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>All samples revealed the CVMNK wild phenotype for the <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic> gene and the N86, Y184F, S1034C, N1042D, D1246 phenotype for the <jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic> gene.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The increase in falciparum malaria cases in Nicaragua and Honduras cannot be attributed to the emergence of chloroquine-resistant mutants. Other possibilities should be investigated further. This is the first study to report the genotype of <jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic> for five loci of interest in Central America.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03977-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T10:02:55Z","timestamp":1639476175000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Assessment of Plasmodium falciparum anti-malarial drug resistance markers in pfcrt and pfmdr1 genes in isolates from Honduras and Nicaragua, 2018\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9756-4520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo","family":"Fontecha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osman","family":"Archaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Betancourth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lenin","family":"Escober","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Henr\u00edquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo O.","family":"Valdivia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Montoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa Elena","family":"Mej\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"3977_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. 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The consent to participate was waived because of the following reasons: 1. No personal information was included. 2. The study will be beneficial to public health and will not harm the participants. 3. The blood filter paper samples were collected for the parasite species identification and polymorphism of anti-malarial drugs genes according to the national regulations and for routine malaria surveillance purposes.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"465"}}