{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:30:15Z","timestamp":1790314215525,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637798400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The return of chloroquine-sensitive <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> in sub-Saharan Africa countries offers the opportunity for the reintroduction of chloroquine (CQ) either in combination with other drugs or as a single therapy for the management of malaria. This study assesses the influence of individual study sites on the selection of CQ sensitive <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> markers in the Central region of Ghana.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Genomic DNA was extracted from an archived filter paper blood blot from Cape Coast, Elmina, Assin Fosu, and Twifo Praso using the Chelex DNA extraction method. The age metadata of the patients from whom the blood spots were taken was collected. The prevalence of CQ-sensitive markers of <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic> K76 and <jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic> N86 was performed using nested PCR and RFLP. The data were analysed using Chi-square and Odd ratio.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The overall prevalence of CQ-sensitive <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> markers, <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic> K76 and <jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic> N86 in the Central Region of Ghana were 142 out of 184 (77.17%) and 180 out of 184 (97.83%), respectively. The distribution of <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic> K76 was assessed among the age groups per the individual study sites. 12 out of 33 (36.36%), 8 out of 33 (24.24%) and 6 out of 33 (18.18%) of <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic> K76 CQ-sensitive marker were isolated from age 0 to 5\u00a0years, 16 to 30\u00a0years and 31 to 45\u00a0years old respectively at Cape Coast. Assin Fosu and Twifo Praso had the highest <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic> K76 prevalence in 0\u20135\u00a0years, followed by 16\u201330\u00a0years and 6\u201315\u00a0years of age. The results showed that there was a significant prevalence of <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic> K76 in all study sites; Cape Coast (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200926.48, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), Assin Fosu (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200937.67, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), Twifo Praso (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200932.25, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and Elmina (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200917.88, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Again, the likelihood to detect <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic> K76 (OR (95% CI) was 7.105 (3.118\u201317.14), p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001 and <jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic> (2.028 (1.065\u20133.790), p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) among <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> isolates from Cape Coast to be seven times and two times, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The study showed a significant selection and expansion of chloroquine-sensitive <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> markers in all the selected study areas in the Central region. This finding has a significant implication for the future treatment, management, and control of <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> malaria.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03985-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T18:32:03Z","timestamp":1638297123000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The emergence of chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum is influenced by selected communities in some parts of the Central Region of Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5219-763X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwame Kumi","family":"Asare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justice","family":"Africa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Mbata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeboah Kwaku","family":"Opoku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"3985_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhingra SK, Gabryszewski SJ, Small-Saunders JL, Yeo T, Henrich PP, Mok S, et al. Global spread of mutant pfcrt and its pleiotropic impact on Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance and fitness. mBio. 2019;10:e02731\u201318.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02731-18"},{"key":"3985_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2298-y","volume":"10","author":"F Lu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lu F, Zhang M, Culleton RL, Xu S, Tang J, Zhou H, et al. Return of chloroquine sensitivity to Africa? Surveillance of African Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance through malaria imported to China. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10:355.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"3985_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02017.x","volume":"13","author":"K Pfeiffer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pfeiffer K, Some F, M\u00fcller O, Sie A, Kouyate B, Haefeli WE, et al. Clinical diagnosis of malaria and the risk of chloroquine self-medication in rural health centres in Burkina Faso. Trop Med Int Health. 2008;13:418\u201326.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"3985_CR4","first-page":"2020","volume-title":"20 years of global progress and challenges","author":"WHO. World malaria report","year":"2020","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report. 20 years of global progress and challenges. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. p. 2020."},{"key":"3985_CR5","unstructured":"WHO. Malaria policy advisory group (MPAG) meeting: meeting report. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2021."},{"key":"3985_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-244","volume":"13","author":"SK Mekonnen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mekonnen SK, Aseffa A, Berhe N, Teklehaymanot T, Clouse RM, Gebru T, et al. Return of chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum parasites and emergence of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax in Ethiopia. Malar J. 2014;13:244.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3985_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7540","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01894-15","volume":"59","author":"NW Lucchi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lucchi NW, Komino F, Okoth SA, Goldman I, Onyona P, Wiegand RE, et al. In vitro and molecular surveillance for antimalarial drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum parasites in Western Kenya reveals sustained artemisinin sensitivity and increased chloroquine sensitivity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:7540\u20137.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"3985_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S295277","volume":"14","author":"MF Ofori","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ofori MF, Kploanyi EE, Mensah BA, Dickson EK, Kyei-Baafour E, Gyabaa S, et al. Ex vivo sensitivity profile of Plasmodium falciparum clinical isolates to a panel of antimalarial drugs in Ghana 13 years after national policy change. Infect Drug Resist. 2021;14:267.","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"3985_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1517\/14656561003733599","volume":"11","author":"E Sevene","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sevene E, Gonz\u00e1lez R, Men\u00e9ndez C. Current knowledge and challenges of antimalarial drugs for treatment and prevention in pregnancy. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2010;11:1277\u201393.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"3985_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.11.004","volume":"121","author":"E Kamugisha","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kamugisha E, Bujila I, Lahdo M, Pello-Esso S, Minde M, Kongola G, et al. Large differences in prevalence of pfcrt and pfmdr1 mutations between Mwanza, Tanzania and Iganga, Uganda - a reflection of differences in policies regarding withdrawal of chloroquine? Acta Trop. 2012;121:148\u201351.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"3985_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2551-7","volume":"17","author":"O Dagnogo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dagnogo O, Ako AB, Ouattara L, Dago ND, Coulibaly DN, Tour\u00e9 AO, et al. Towards a re-emergence of chloroquine sensitivity in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire? Malar J. 2018;17:413.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3985_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-377","volume":"12","author":"NO Duah","year":"2013","unstructured":"Duah NO, Matrevi SA, De Souza DK, Binnah DD, Tamakloe MM, Opoku VS, et al. Increased pfmdr1 gene copy number and the decline in pfcrt and pfmdr1 resistance alleles in Ghanaian Plasmodium falciparum isolates after the change of anti-malarial drug treatment policy. Malar J. 2013;12:377.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3985_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-246","volume":"13","author":"KK Asare","year":"2014","unstructured":"Asare KK, Boampong JN, Afoakwah R, Ameyaw EO, Sehgal R, Quashie NB. Use of proscribed chloroquine is associated with an increased risk of pfcrt T76 mutation in some parts of Ghana. Malar J. 2014;13:246.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3985_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01423","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01423-19","volume":"64","author":"BA Mensah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mensah BA, Aydemir O, Myers-Hansen JL, Opoku M, Hathaway NJ, Marsh PW, et al. Antimalarial drug resistance profiling of Plasmodium falciparum infections in Ghana using molecular inversion probes and next-generation sequencing. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020;64:e01423-e1519.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"3985_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)90076-9","volume":"97","author":"DH Hamer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hamer DH, MacLeod WB, Addo-Yobo E, Duggan CP, Estrella B, Fawzi WW, et al. Age, temperature, and parasitaemia predict chloroquine treatment failure and anaemia in children with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2003;97:422\u20138.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3985_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desai M, Buff AM, Khagayi S, Byass P, Amek N, van Eijk A, et al. Age-specific malaria mortality rates in the KEMRI\/CDC health and demographic surveillance system in western Kenya, 2003\u20132010. PLoS One. 2014;9:e106197.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106197"},{"key":"3985_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2020.10.001","volume":"51","author":"AT Kayode","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kayode AT, Akano K, Ajogbasile FV, Uwanibe JN, Oluniyi PE, Bankole BE, et al. Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (pfcrt) and multidrug-resistant gene 1 (pfmdr1) in Nigerian children 10 years post-adoption of artemisinin-based combination treatments. Int J Parasitol. 2020;51:301\u201310.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"3985_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.12688\/aasopenres.12825.1","volume":"1","author":"J Abugri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abugri J, Ansah F, Asante KP, Opoku CN, Amenga-Etego LA, Awandare GA. Prevalence of chloroquine and antifolate drug resistance alleles in Plasmodium falciparum clinical isolates from three areas in Ghana. AAS Open Research. 2018;1:1.","journal-title":"AAS Open Research"},{"key":"3985_CR19","unstructured":"Asare KK. Evaluation of Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistant markers in selected health facilities in central region after seven years of banning chloroquine treatment in Ghana. https:\/\/ir.ucc.edu.gh\/xmlui\/handle\/123456789\/2768."},{"key":"3985_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05266-2","volume":"20","author":"E Aninagyei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aninagyei E, Duedu KO, Rufai T, Tetteh CD, Chandi MG, Ampomah P, et al. Characterization of putative drug resistant biomarkers in Plasmodium falciparum isolated from Ghanaian blood donors. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20:533.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"3985_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Figueiredo P, Benchimol C, Lopes D, Bernardino L, do Ros\u00e1rio VE, Varandas L, et al. Prevalence of pfmdr1, pfcrt, pfdhfr and pfdhps mutations associated with drug resistance, in Luanda, Angola. Malar J. 2008;7:236.","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-236"},{"key":"3985_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-017-1204-4","volume":"18","author":"GC Cerqueira","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cerqueira GC, Cheeseman IH, Schaffner SF, Nair S, McDew-White M, Phyo AP, et al. Longitudinal genomic surveillance of Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites reveals complex genomic architecture of emerging artemisinin resistance. Genome Biol. 2017;18:78.","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"3985_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0544-6","volume":"15","author":"EA Winzeler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Winzeler EA, Manary MJ. Drug resistance genomics of the antimalarial drug artemisinin. Genome Biol. 2014;15:544.","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"3985_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12223","volume":"275","author":"C Arama","year":"2014","unstructured":"Arama C, Troye-Blomberg M. The path of malaria vaccine development: challenges and perspectives. J Int Med. 2014;275:456\u201366.","journal-title":"J Int Med"},{"key":"3985_CR25","first-page":"115","volume":"42","author":"AR Parhizgar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Parhizgar AR, Tahghighi A. Introducing new antimalarial analogues of chloroquine and amodiaquine: a narrative review. Iran J Med Sci. 2017;42:115.","journal-title":"Iran J Med Sci"},{"key":"3985_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40545-017-0103-0","volume":"10","author":"A Freeman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Freeman A, Kwarteng A, Febir LG, Amenga-Etego S, Owusu-Agyei S, Asante KP. Two years post affordable medicines facility for malaria program: availability and prices of anti-malarial drugs in central Ghana. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2017;10:15.","journal-title":"J Pharm Policy Pract"},{"key":"3985_CR27","unstructured":"WHO. Artemisinin and artemisinin-based combination therapy resistance: status report. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2016."},{"key":"3985_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.161","volume":"16","author":"K Haldar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haldar K, Bhattacharjee S, Safeukui I. Drug resistance in Plasmodium. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018;16:156.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"3985_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00802","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00802-19","volume":"63","author":"SA Matrevi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Matrevi SA, Opoku-Agyeman P, Quashie NB, Bruku S, Abuaku B, Koram KA, et al. Plasmodium falciparum kelch propeller polymorphisms in clinical isolates from Ghana from 2007 to 2016. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019;63:e00802-e819.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"3985_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1692-1","volume":"9","author":"NO Duah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Duah NO, Matrevi SA, Quashie NB, Abuaku B, Koram KA. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from uncomplicated malaria cases in Ghana over a decade. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9:416.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"3985_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2016.02.004","volume":"10","author":"KK Asare","year":"2017","unstructured":"Asare KK, Boampong JN, Duah NO, Afoakwah R, Sehgal R, Quashie NB. Synergism between pfcrt and pfmdr1 genes could account for the slow recovery of chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium falciparum strains in Ghana after chloroquine withdrawal. J Infect Public Health. 2017;10:110\u20139.","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"3985_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyagi RK, Gleeson PJ, Arnold L, Tahar R, Prieur E, Decosterd L, et al. High-level artemisinin-resistance with quinine co-resistance emerges in P. falciparum malaria under in vivo artesunate pressure. BMC Med. 2018;16:181.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1156-x"},{"key":"3985_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8171","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.005009","volume":"294","author":"P Vydyam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vydyam P, Dutta D, Sutram N, Bhattacharyya S, Bhattacharyya MK. A small-molecule inhibitor of the DNA recombinase Rad51 from Plasmodium falciparum synergizes with the antimalarial drugs artemisinin and chloroquine. J Biol Chem. 2019;294:8171\u201383.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"3985_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3367","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190902162105","volume":"25","author":"BS Yadav","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yadav BS, Chaturvedi N, Marina N. Recent advances in system based study for anti-malarial drug development process. Curr Pharm Des. 2019;25:3367\u201377.","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"3985_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.05.009","volume":"104","author":"S Kumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumar S, Bhardwaj TR, Prasad DN, Singh RK. Drug targets for resistant malaria: historic to future perspectives. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;104:8\u201327.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"3985_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5563-2","volume":"116","author":"S Rout","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rout S, Patra NP, Mahapatra RK. An in silico strategy for identification of novel drug targets against Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol Res. 2017;116:2539\u201359.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"3985_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2010.08.005","volume":"175","author":"GJ Crowther","year":"2011","unstructured":"Crowther GJ, Napuli AJ, Gilligan JH, Gagaring K, Borboa R, Francek C, et al. Identification of inhibitors for putative malaria drug targets among novel antimalarial compounds. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2011;175:21\u20139.","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"3985_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0763","volume":"98","author":"E Hemming-Schroeder","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hemming-Schroeder E, Umukoro E, Lo E, Fung B, Tom\u00e1s-Domingo P, Zhou G, et al. Impacts of antimalarial drugs on Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance markers, Western Kenya, 2003\u20132015. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;98:692\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3985_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu216","volume":"210","author":"AE Frosch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Frosch AE, Laufer MK, Mathanga DP, Takala-Harrison S, Skarbinski J, Claassen CW, et al. Return of widespread chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum to Malawi. J Infect Dis. 2014;210:1110\u20134.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"3985_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.02.010","volume":"235","author":"RM Toghueo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Toghueo RM, Kemgne EA, Eke P, Kanko MI, Dize D, Sahal D, Boyom FF. Antiplasmodial potential and GC-MS fingerprint of endophytic fungal extracts derived from Cameroonian Annona muricata. J Ethnopharmacol. 2019;235:111\u201321.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"3985_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-6-41","volume":"6","author":"O Ojurongbe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ojurongbe O, Ogungbamigbe TO, Fagbenro-Beyioku AF, Fendel R, Kremsner PG, Kun JF. Rapid detection of pfcrt and pfmdr1 mutations in Plasmodium falciparum isolates by FRET and in vivo response to chloroquine among children from Osogbo, Nigeria. Malar J. 2007;6:41.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3985_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1086\/319856","volume":"183","author":"AG Mayor","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mayor AG, G\u00f3mez-Oliv\u00e9 X, Aponte JJ, Casimiro S, Mabunda S, Dgedge M, Barreto A, Alonso PL. Prevalence of the K76T mutation in the putative Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (pfcrt) gene and its relation to chloroquine resistance in Mozambique. J Infect Dis. 2001;183:1413\u20136.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"3985_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01412-09","volume":"54","author":"SL Nsobya","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nsobya SL, Kiggundu M, Nanyunja S, Joloba M, Greenhouse B, Rosenthal PJ. In vitro sensitivities of Plasmodium falciparum to different antimalarial drugs in Uganda. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54:1200\u20136.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"3985_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabryszewski SJ, Dhingra SK, Combrinck JM, Lewis IA, Callaghan PS, Hassett MR, et al. Evolution of fitness cost-neutral mutant pfcrt conferring P. falciparum 4-aminoquinoline drug resistance is accompanied by altered parasite metabolism and digestive vacuole physiology. PLoS Pathog. 2016;12:e1005976.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005976"},{"key":"3985_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11672","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1507142112","volume":"112","author":"S Pelleau","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pelleau S, Moss EL, Dhingra SK, Volney B, Casteras J, Gabryszewski SJ, et al. Adaptive evolution of malaria parasites in French Guiana: reversal of chloroquine resistance by acquisition of a mutation in pfcrt. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112:11672\u20137.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"3985_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-35","volume":"12","author":"M Gharbi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gharbi M, Flegg JA, Hubert V, Kendjo E, Metcalf JE, Bertaux L, et al. Longitudinal study assessing the return of chloroquine susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum in isolates from travellers returning from West and Central Africa, 2000\u20132011. Malar J. 2013;12:35.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3985_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/713670171","volume":"3","author":"RM Prothero","year":"2001","unstructured":"Prothero RM. Migration and malaria risk. Health, Risk Society. 2001;3:19\u201338.","journal-title":"Health, Risk Society"},{"key":"3985_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lynch C, Roper C. The transit phase of migration: circulation of malaria and its multidrug-resistant forms in Africa. PLoS Med. 2011;8:e1001040.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001040"},{"key":"3985_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12766","volume":"1342","author":"S Takala-Harrison","year":"2015","unstructured":"Takala-Harrison S, Laufer MK. Antimalarial drug resistance in Africa: key lessons for the future. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2015;1342:62\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"3985_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01689","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01689-16","volume":"61","author":"W Zeng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zeng W, Bai Y, Wang M, Wang Z, Deng S, Ruan Y, et al. Significant divergence in sensitivity to antimalarial drugs between neighboring Plasmodium falciparum populations along the eastern border of Myanmar. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61:e01689-e1716.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03985-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03985-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03985-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T10:57:19Z","timestamp":1720781839000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03985-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3985"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03985-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and animal rights"}}],"article-number":"447"}}