{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T12:00:07Z","timestamp":1791460807073,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638489600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001830","name":"Wageningen University and Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2100710609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2100710609"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001830","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>As part of malaria prevention and control efforts, the distribution and density of malaria mosquitoes requires continuous monitoring. Resources for long-term surveillance of malaria vectors, however, are often limited. The aim of the research was to evaluate the value of citizen science in providing insight into potential malaria vector hotspots and other malaria relevant information, and to determine predictors of malaria vector abundance in a region where routine mosquito monitoring has not been established to support vector surveillance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A 1-year citizen science programme for malaria mosquito surveillance was implemented in five villages of the Ruhuha sector in Bugesera district, Rwanda. In total, 112 volunteer citizens were enrolled and reported monthly data on mosquitoes collected in their peridomestic environment using handmade carbon-dioxide baited traps. Additionally, they reported mosquito nuisance experienced as well as the number of confirmed malaria cases in their household.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 3793 female mosquitoes were collected, of which 10.8% were anophelines. For the entire period, 16% of the volunteers reported having at least one confirmed malaria case per month, but this varied by village and month. During the study year 66% of the households reported at least one malaria case. From a sector perspective, a higher mosquito and malaria vector abundance was observed in the two villages in the south of the study area. The findings revealed significant positive correlations among nuisance reported and confirmed malaria cases, and also between total number of Culicidae and confirmed malaria cases, but not between the numbers of the malaria vector<jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>and malaria cases. At the sector level, of thirteen geographical risk factors considered for inclusion in multiple regression, distance to the river network and elevation played a role in explaining mosquito and malaria mosquito abundance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study demonstrates that a citizen science approach can contribute to mosquito monitoring, and can help to identify areas that, in view of limited resources for control, are at higher risk of malaria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03989-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T10:06:29Z","timestamp":1638525989000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Citizen science for monitoring the spatial and temporal dynamics of malaria vectors in relation to environmental risk factors in Ruhuha, Rwanda"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Marilyn Milumbu","family":"Murindahabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Hoseni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. C.","family":"Corn\u00e9 Vreugdenhil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnold J. H.","family":"van Vliet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jackie","family":"Umupfasoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alphonse","family":"Mutabazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Hakizimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. Marijn","family":"Poortvliet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leon","family":"Mutesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willem","family":"Takken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantianus J. M.","family":"Koenraadt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"3989_CR1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. Rwanda malaria and neglected tropical diseases annual report 2018\u20132019, Kigali, Rwanda; 2019."},{"key":"3989_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-236","volume":"11","author":"C Karema","year":"2012","unstructured":"Karema C, Aregawi MW, Rukundo A, Kabayiza A, Mulindahabi M, Fall IS, et al. Trends in malaria cases, hospital admissions and deaths following scale-up of anti-malarial interventions, 2000\u20132010, Rwanda. Malar J. 2012;11:236.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3989_CR3","unstructured":"PMI. President\u2019s Malaria Initiative. Malaria operational plan: Rwanda FY 2019, Washington, D.C; 2019."},{"key":"3989_CR4","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. National Strategic plan for integrated vector management (2013\u20132017), Kigali, Rwanda; 2013."},{"key":"3989_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.02.012","volume":"182","author":"E Hakizimana","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hakizimana E, Karema C, Munyakanage D, Githure J, Mazarati JB, Tongren JE, et al. Spatio-temporal distribution of mosquitoes and risk of malaria infection in Rwanda. Acta Trop. 2018;182:149\u201357.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"3989_CR6","volume-title":"Global vector control response 2017\u20132030","author":"WHO","year":"2017","unstructured":"WHO. Global vector control response 2017\u20132030. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017."},{"key":"3989_CR7","volume-title":"World malaria report","author":"WHO","year":"2019","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019."},{"key":"3989_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.10.004","volume":"35","author":"C Fouet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fouet C, Kamdem C. Integrated mosquito management: is precision control a luxury or necessity? Trends Parasitol. 2018;35:85\u201395.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"3989_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000209","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000209","volume":"7","author":"SI Hay","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hay SI, Sinka ME, Okara RM, Kabaria CW, Mbithi PM, Carolynn C, et al. Developing global maps of the dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria. PLoS Med. 2010;7:e1000209.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"3989_CR10","volume-title":"Vector bionomics in the epidemiology and control of malaria. Part I. The WHO African region and the southern WHO Eastern Mediterranean region","author":"AR Zahar","year":"1984","unstructured":"Zahar AR. Vector bionomics in the epidemiology and control of malaria. Part I. The WHO African region and the southern WHO Eastern Mediterranean region. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1984."},{"key":"3989_CR11","volume-title":"The compendium of WHO malaria guidance: prevention, diagnosis, treatment, surveillance and elimination","author":"WHO","year":"2019","unstructured":"WHO. The compendium of WHO malaria guidance: prevention, diagnosis, treatment, surveillance and elimination. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019."},{"key":"3989_CR12","first-page":"1401","volume":"78","author":"R Carter","year":"2000","unstructured":"Carter R, Mendis KN, Roberts D. Spatial targeting of interventions against malaria. Bull World Health Organ. 2000;78:1401\u201311.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"3989_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-69","volume":"5","author":"ME Sinka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sinka ME, Bangs MJ, Manguin S, Rubio-palis Y, Chareonviriyaphap T, Coetzee M, et al. A global map of dominant malaria vectors. Parasites Vectors. 2012;5:69.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"3989_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0604-5","volume":"8","author":"H Kampen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kampen H, Medlock JM, Vaux AG, Koenraadt CJ, van Vliet AJ, Bartumeus F, et al. Approaches to passive mosquito surveillance in the EU. Parasites Vectors. 2015;8:9.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"3989_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1820","volume":"15","author":"CBF Vogels","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vogels CBF, van de Peppel LJJ, van Vliet AJH, Westenberg M, Iba\u00f1ez-Justicia A, Stroo A, et al. Winter activity and aboveground hybridization between the two biotypes of the West Nile virus vector Culex pipiens. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2015;15:619\u201326.","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"3989_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2987\/17-6644R.1","volume":"33","author":"RC Jordan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jordan RC, Sorensen AE, Ladeau S. Citizen science as a tool for mosquito control. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2017;33:241\u20135.","journal-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc"},{"key":"3989_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.04.010","volume":"34","author":"F Bartumeus","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bartumeus F, Oltra A, Palmer JRB. Citizen science: a gateway for innovation in disease-carrying mosquito management? Trends Parasitol. 2018;34:727\u20139.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"3989_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007204","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007204","volume":"13","author":"F Bartumeus","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bartumeus F, Costa GB, Eritja R, Kelly AH, Finda M, Lezaun J, et al. Sustainable innovation in vector control requires strong partnerships with communities. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13:e0007204.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"3989_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00914-9","volume":"8","author":"JRB Palmer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Palmer JRB, Oltra A, Collantes F, Delgado JA, Lucientes J, Delacour S, et al. Citizen science provides a reliable and scalable tool to track disease-carrying mosquitoes. Nat Commun. 2017;8:916.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3989_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3317-y","volume":"12","author":"R Eritja","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eritja R, Ruiz-arrondo I, Delacour-estrella S, Schaffner F, \u00c1lvarez-chachero J, Bengoa M, et al. First detection of Aedes japonicus in Spain: an unexpected finding triggered by citizen science. Parasites Vectors. 2019;12:53.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"3989_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.5334\/bax.v","volume-title":"European handbook of crowdsourced geographic information","author":"A Oltra","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oltra A, Palmer JRB, Bartumeus F. AtrapaelTigre.com: enlisting citizen-scientists in the war on tiger mosquitoes. In: European handbook of crowdsourced geographic information. Barcelona: Ubiquity Press; 2016. p. 295\u2013308."},{"key":"3989_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0973-z","volume":"14","author":"F Kateera","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kateera F, Ingabire CM, Hakizimana E, Kalinda P, Mens PF, Grobusch MP, et al. Malaria, anaemia and under-nutrition: three frequently co-existing conditions among preschool children in rural Rwanda. Malar J. 2015;14:440.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3989_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-2046-y","volume":"16","author":"CM Ingabire","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ingabire CM, Hakizimana E, Rulisa A, Kateera F, Van Den Borne B, Muvunyi CM, et al. Community-based biological control of malaria mosquitoes using Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) in Rwanda: community awareness, acceptance and participation. Malar J. 2017;16:399.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3989_CR24","unstructured":"Kateera F. Determinants of malaria control in a rural community in Eastern Rwanda. Ph.D. thesis, Universiteit van Amsterdam; 2016."},{"key":"3989_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7012","DOI":"10.3390\/su11247012","volume":"11","author":"D Asingizwe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Asingizwe D, Murindahabi MM, Koenraadt CJM, Poortvliet PM, Vliet AJH, Van, Ingabire CM, et al. Co-designing a citizen science program for malaria control in Rwanda. Sustainability. 2019;11:7012.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"3989_CR26","first-page":"63","volume":"55","author":"MT Gillies","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gillies MT, Coetzee M. A supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara. Publ S Afr Inst Med Res. 1987;55:63.","journal-title":"Publ S Afr Inst Med Res"},{"key":"3989_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-8113-4","volume-title":"Mosquito ecology: field sampling methods","author":"MW Service","year":"1993","unstructured":"Service MW. Mosquito ecology: field sampling methods. New York: Elsevier; 1993. p. 1476."},{"key":"3989_CR28","first-page":"39","volume":"65","author":"RA Wirtz","year":"1987","unstructured":"Wirtz RA, Zavala F, Charoenvit Y, Campbell GH, Burkot TR, Schneider I, et al. Comparative testing of monoclonal antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites for ELISA development. Bull World Health Organ. 1987;65:39\u201345.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"3989_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/25.1.9","volume":"25","author":"JC Beier","year":"1988","unstructured":"Beier JC, Perkins PV, Wirtz RA, Koros J, Diggs D, Gargan TP, et al. Bloodmeal identification by direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), tested on Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) in Kenya. J Med Entomol. 1988;25:9\u201316.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"3989_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1993.49.520","volume":"49","author":"JA Scott","year":"1993","unstructured":"Scott JA, Brogdon WG, Collins FH. Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1993;49:520\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3989_CR31","unstructured":"Geoscience Lab\u2014landscape portal\/Rwanda wetlands. 2015.\u00a0Accessed Oct 29\u00a02019. p.\u00a01."},{"key":"3989_CR32","unstructured":"WorldPop.\u00a0 School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton; Department of Geography and Geosciences, University of Louisville; Departement de Geographie, Universite de Namur) and Center for International Earth Sc. 2020.\u00a0www.worldpop.org."},{"key":"3989_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.29","volume":"77","author":"G Zhou","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhou G, Munga S, Minakawa N, Githeko AK, Yan G. Spatial relationship between adult malaria vector abundance and environmental factors in Western Kenya Highlands. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;77:29\u201335.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3989_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-163","volume":"10","author":"WJ Moss","year":"2011","unstructured":"Moss WJ, Hamapumbu H, Kobayashi T, Shields T, Kamanga A, Clennon J, et al. Use of remote sensing to identify spatial risk factors for malaria in a region of declining transmission: a cross-sectional and longitudinal community survey. Malar J. 2011;10:163.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3989_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3122663","volume":"3","author":"HL Cleckner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cleckner HL, Allen TR, Scott Bellows A. Remote sensing and modeling of mosquito abundance and habitats in Coastal Virginia, USA. Remote Sens. 2011;3:2663\u201381.","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"3989_CR36","first-page":"112","volume":"9","author":"MB Kursah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kursah MB. GIS and correlation analysis of geo-environmental variables influencing malaria prevalence in the Saboba district of Northern Ghana. Ghana J Geogr. 2017;9:112\u201331.","journal-title":"Ghana J Geogr"},{"key":"3989_CR37","unstructured":"Bart\u00e1k V. New computer program for digital terrain analysis. In: GIS Ostrava. Prague, Czech Republic; 2010. p.\u00a020."},{"key":"3989_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3544","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5073544","volume":"5","author":"SK McFeeters","year":"2013","unstructured":"McFeeters SK. Using the normalized difference water index (NDWI) within a geographic information system to detect swimming pools for mosquito abatement: a practical approach. Remote Sens. 2013;5:3544\u201361.","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"issue":"5W3","key":"3989_CR39","first-page":"139","volume":"40","author":"G Garnero","year":"2013","unstructured":"Garnero G, Godone D. Comparisons between different interpolation techniques. Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci. 2013;40(5W3):139\u201344.","journal-title":"Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci"},{"key":"3989_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2016-009","volume":"8","author":"M Sestelo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sestelo M, Villanueva NM, Meira-Machado L, Roca-Pardi\u00f1as J, FWDselect. An R package for variable selection in regression models. R J. 2016;8:132\u201348.","journal-title":"R J"},{"key":"3989_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4314\/thrb.v19i3.8","volume":"19","author":"C Nyirakanani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nyirakanani C, Chibvongodze R, Kariuki L, Habtu M, Masika M, Mukoko D, et al. Characterization of malaria vectors in Huye District, Southern Rwanda. Tanzan J Health Res. 2017;19:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Tanzan J Health Res"},{"key":"3989_CR42","unstructured":"Hakizimana E. Integrated vector management (IVM) as a tool for community empowerment towards malaria elimination in Rwanda. Ph.D. thesis, Wageningen University; 2019."},{"key":"3989_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2001.00279.x","volume":"15","author":"JN Ijumba","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ijumba JN, Lindsay SW. Impact of irrigation on malaria in Africa: paddies paradox. Med Vet Entomol. 2001;15:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"3989_CR44","first-page":"41","volume":"15","author":"S Kibret","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kibret S, Alemu Y, Boelee E, Tekie H, Alemu D, Petros B. The impact of a small-scale irrigation scheme on malaria transmission in Ziway area, Central Ethiopia. Trop Med Int Health. 2010;15:41\u201350.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"3989_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2010.198","volume":"4","author":"LEG Mboera","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mboera LEG, Senkoro KP, Mayala BK, Rumisha SF, Rwegoshora RT, Mlozi MRS, et al. Spatio-temporal variation in malaria transmission intensity in five agro-ecosystems in Mvomero district, Tanzania. Geospat Health. 2010;4:167\u201378.","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"key":"3989_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-3113-3","volume":"19","author":"AN Frake","year":"2020","unstructured":"Frake AN, Namaona W, Walker ED, Messina JP. Estimating spatio-temporal distributions of mosquito breeding pools in irrigated agricultural schemes: a case study at the Bwanje Valley irrigation scheme. Malar J. 2020;19:38.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3989_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01059.x","volume":"8","author":"SW Lindsay","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lindsay SW, Jawara M, Paine K, Pinder M, Walraven GEL, Emerson PM. Changes in house design reduce exposure to malaria mosquitoes. Trop Med Int Health. 2003;8:512\u20137.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"3989_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.06.028","volume":"174","author":"G Benelli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Benelli G, Beier JC. Current vector control challenges in the fight against malaria. Acta Trop. 2017;174:91\u20136.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"3989_CR49","first-page":"18","volume":"2","author":"LC Garba","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garba LC, Oyieke FA, Owino EA, Mwansat GS, Williams Chintem DGW. Molecular characterization and species composition of anopheline vectors of malaria along an altitudinal gradient on the highlands of Mambilla Plateau Northeast, Nigeria. Afr J Biol Sci. 2020;2:18.","journal-title":"Afr J Biol Sci"},{"key":"3989_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0385-0","volume":"7","author":"GO Dida","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dida GO, Anyona DN, Abuom PO, Akoko D, Adoka SO, Matano A, et al. Spatial distribution and habitat characterization of mosquito species during the dry season along the Mara River and its tributaries, in Kenya and Tanzania. Infect Dis Poverty. 2018;7:2.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03989-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03989-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03989-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T15:21:52Z","timestamp":1699888912000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03989-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3989"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03989-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 December 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Rwanda Institutional Review Board of the College of Medicine and Health Sciences (408\/CMHS IRB\/2016) and Rwandan Biomedical Centre granted ethical clearance for the study. Furthermore, permission was obtained from CARITAS and Bugesera District office prior to conducting the research. Informed consents were obtained from adult participants (volunteers) before the study was carried out. All information was processed anonymously.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript for submission.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"453"}}