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Across 26 provinces, insecticide resistance has been reported from multiple sentinel sites. However, to date, investigation of molecular resistance mechanisms among\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      vector populations in DRC has been more limited.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Adult\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      sensu lato (s.l.) and\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.l. were collected from two sites in Sud-Kivu province and one site in Haut-U\u00e9l\u00e9 province and PCR-screened for the presence of 11 resistance mutations, to provide additional information on frequency of resistance mechanisms in the eastern DRC, and to critically evaluate the utility of these markers for prospective country-wide resistance monitoring.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      L1014F-\n                      <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                      and L1014S-\n                      <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                      were present in 75.9% and 56.7% of\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.l. screened, respectively, with some individuals harbouring both resistant alleles. Across the three study sites, L43F-CYP4J5 allele frequency ranged from 0.42 to 0.52, with evidence for ongoing selection. G119S-\n                      <jats:italic>ace1<\/jats:italic>\n                      was also identified in all sites but at lower levels. A triple mutant haplotype (comprising the point mutation CYP6P4-I236M, the insertion of a partial Zanzibar-like transposable element and duplication of CYP6AA1) was present at high frequencies. In\n                      <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.l.\n                      <jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic>\n                      -regulatory polymorphisms in CYP6P9a and CYP6P9b were detected, with allele frequencies ranging from 0.82 to 0.98 and 0.65\u00a0to 0.83, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study screened the most up-to-date panel of DNA-based resistance markers in\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.l. and\n                      <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.l. from the eastern DRC, where resistance data is lacking. Several new candidate markers (CYP4J5, G119S-\n                      <jats:italic>ace1<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the triple mutant, CYP6P9a and CYP6P9b) were identified, which are diagnostic of resistance to major insecticide classes, and warrant future, larger-scale monitoring in the DRC to inform vector control decisions by the National Malaria Control Programme.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-04002-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T05:02:55Z","timestamp":1639458175000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Investigating molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Janvier","family":"Bandibabone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"McLoughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9v\u00e9rin","family":"N\u2019Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chimanuka","family":"Bantuzeko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vital","family":"Byabushi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhigwa","family":"Jeanberckmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maite","family":"Guardiola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertin","family":"Zawadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdoulaye","family":"Diabat\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorian","family":"Prudhomme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louisa A.","family":"Messenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"4002_CR1","volume-title":"World malaria report","author":"WHO","year":"2020","unstructured":"WHO. 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