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After implementation of the programme, substantial reductions in vector abundance and malaria transmission intensity occurred. The research reported here investigated whether these reductions remained after seven years of sustained effort.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>All-night (18:00 to 06:00) mosquito collections were conducted using human landing catches and barrier screen methods in four villages of Madang Province between September 2016 and March 2017. <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> species identification and sporozoite infection with <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> were determined with molecular methods. Vector composition was expressed as the relative proportion of different species in villages, and vector abundance was quantified as the number of mosquitoes per barrier screen-night and per person-night. Transmission intensity was quantified as the number of sporozoite-infective vector bites per person-night.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Five <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> species were present, but vector composition varied greatly among villages. <jats:italic>Anopheles koliensis<\/jats:italic>, a strongly anthropophilic species was the most prevalent in Bulal, Matukar and Wasab villages, constituting 63.7\u201373.8% of all <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>, but in Megiar <jats:italic>Anopheles farauti<\/jats:italic> was the most prevalent species (97.6%). Vector abundance varied among villages (ranging from 2.8 to 72.3 <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> per screen-night and 2.2\u201331.1 <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> per person-night), and spatially within villages. Malaria transmission intensity varied among the villages, with values ranging from 0.03 to 0.5 infective <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> bites per person-night. Most (54.1\u201375.1%) of the <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> bites occurred outdoors, with a substantial proportion (25.5\u201350.8%) occurring before 22:00.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The estimates of vector abundance and transmission intensity in the current study were comparable to or higher than estimates in the same villages in 2010\u20132012, indicating impeded programme effectiveness. Outdoor and early biting behaviours of vectors are some of the likely explanatory factors. Heterogeneity in vector composition, abundance and distribution among and within villages challenge malaria control programmes and must be considered when planning them.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-04030-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T00:10:47Z","timestamp":1641341447000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Vector composition, abundance, biting patterns and malaria transmission intensity in Madang, Papua New Guinea: assessment after 7\u00a0years of an LLIN-based malaria control programme"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1532-924X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John B.","family":"Keven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Katusele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Vinit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel W.","family":"Hetzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leanne J.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Laman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Karl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward D.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"4030_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.08.002","volume":"121","author":"JW Kazura","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kazura JW, Siba PM, Betuela I, Mueller I. 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Written informed consent was obtained from all volunteers who participated as mosquito collectors. All the collectors were consented and given antimalarial chemoprophylaxis to prevent infection from exposure to infectious mosquito bites.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"7"}}