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To develop successful vaccines against malaria, it is important to assess the diversity of vaccine candidate antigens in field isolates. This study was done to assess the diversity of\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      AMA-1 vaccine candidate antigen in a malaria-endemic region of Tripura in Northeast India and compare it with previously reported global isolates with a view to assess the feasibility of developing a universal vaccine based on this antigen.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patients with fever and malaria-like illness were screened for malaria and\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      positive cases were recruited for the current study. The diversity of PfAMA-1 vaccine candidate antigen was evaluated by nested PCR and RFLP. A selected number of samples were sequenced using the Sanger technique.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 56\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      positive isolates,\n                      <jats:italic>Pfama-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      was successfully amplified in 75% (n\u2009=\u200942) isolates. Allele frequencies of PfAMA-1 antigen were 16.6% (n\u2009=\u20097) for 3D7 allele and 33.3% (n\u2009=\u200914) in both K1 and HB3 alleles. DNA sequencing revealed 13 haplotypes in the\n                      <jats:italic>Pfama-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene including three unique haplotypes not reported earlier. No unique amino-acid substitutions were found. Global analysis with 2761 sequences revealed 435 haplotypes with a very complex network composition and few clusters. Nucleotide diversity for Tripura (0.02582 \u00b1 0.00160) showed concordance with South-East Asian isolates while recombination parameter (Rm\u2009=\u20098) was lower than previous reports from India. Population genetic structure showed moderate differentiation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Besides documenting all previously reported allelic forms of the vaccine candidate PfAMA-1 antigen of\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , new haplotypes not reported earlier, were found in Tripura. Neutrality tests indicate that the\n                      <jats:italic>Pfama-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      population in Tripura is under balancing selection. This is consistent with global patterns. However, the high haplotype diversity observed in the global\n                      <jats:italic>Pfama-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      network analysis indicates that designing a universal vaccine based on this antigen may be difficult. This information adds to the existing database of genetic diversity of field isolates of\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      and may be helpful in the development of more effective vaccines against the parasite.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04081-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T08:02:45Z","timestamp":1645516965000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum AMA-1 antigen from the Northeast Indian state of Tripura and comparison with global sequences: implications for vaccine development"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Tulika","family":"Nirmolia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. 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