{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T04:58:37Z","timestamp":1782536317344,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646265600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH - U19AI089683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH - U19AI089683"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center-NIH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1D43TW010075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1D43TW010075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Access to human hosts by <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes is a key determinant of vectorial capacity for malaria, but it can be limited by use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). In Malawi, pyrethroid-treated LLINs with and without the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) were distributed to control malaria. This study investigated the blood-feeding patterns of malaria vectors and whether LLINs containing pyrethroid and PBO led to a reduction of human blood feeding than those containing only pyrethroids.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Mosquitoes were sampled inside houses from May 2019 through April 2020 by aspiration, pyrethrum spray catch, and light trap methods in two sites. One site (Namanolo, Balaka district) had LLINs containing only pyrethroids whereas the other (Ntaja, Machinga district) had LLINs with both pyrethroids and PBO. <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> species, their blood-meal host, and infection with <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> were determined using PCR methods.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 6585 female <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> were sampled in 203 houses. Of these, 633 (9.6%) were blood-fed mosquitoes comprising of 279 (44.1%) <jats:italic>Anopheles arabiensi<\/jats:italic>s, 103 (16.3%) <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic> 212 (33.5), <jats:italic>Anopheles funestus<\/jats:italic>, 2 (0.3%), <jats:italic>Anopheles parensis<\/jats:italic> and 37 (5.8%) were unidentified <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> spp. Blood meal hosts were successfully identified for 85.5% (n\u2009=\u2009541) of the blood-fed mosquitoes, of which 436 (81.0%) were human blood meals, 28 (5.2%) were goats, 11 (2.0%) were dogs, 60 (11.1%) were mixed goat-human blood meals, 5 (0.9%) were dog\u2013human, and 1 was a mixed dog-goat. Human blood index (fraction of blood meals that were humans) was significantly higher in Namanolo (0.96) than Ntaja (0.89). Even though human blood index was high, goats were over-selected than humans after accounting for relative abundance of both hosts. The number of infectious <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> bites per person-year was 44 in Namanolo and 22 in Ntaja.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Although LLINs with PBO PBO may have reduced human blood feeding, access to humans was extremely high despite high LLIN ownership and usage rates in both sites. This finding could explain persistently high rates of malaria infections in Malawi. However, this study had one village for each net type, thus the observed differences may have been a result of other factors present in each village.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04089-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T13:05:54Z","timestamp":1646312754000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Blood-feeding patterns of Anopheles vectors of human malaria in Malawi: implications for malaria transmission and effectiveness of LLIN interventions"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1050-1533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rex B.","family":"Mbewe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John B.","family":"Keven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Themba","family":"Mzilahowa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Don","family":"Mathanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Cohee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam K.","family":"Laufer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward D.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"4089_CR1","unstructured":"Malawi Ministry of Health. Malawi Malaria Indicator Survey 2017. Lilongwe, Malawi, 2018."},{"key":"4089_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.06.017","volume":"121","author":"DP Mathanga","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mathanga DP, Walker ED, Wilson ML, Ali D, Taylor TE, Laufer MK. Malaria control in Malawi: current status and directions for the future. Acta Trop. 2012;121:212\u20137.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"4089_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.11.002","volume":"121","author":"ML Wilson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wilson ML, Walker ED, Mzilahowa T, Mathanga DP, Taylor TE. Malaria elimination in Malawi: research needs in highly endemic, poverty-stricken contexts. Acta Trop. 2012;121:218\u201326.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"4089_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15193.2","volume":"4","author":"MG Chipeta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chipeta MG, Giorgi E, Mategula D, Macharia PM, Ligomba C, Munyenyembe A, et al. Geostatistical analysis of Malawi\u2019s changing malaria transmission from 2010 to 2017. Wellcome Open Res. 2019;4:57.","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"4089_CR5","volume-title":"World malaria report 2018","author":"WHO","year":"2018","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018."},{"key":"4089_CR6","first-page":"71","volume":"31","author":"C Garrett-Jones","year":"1964","unstructured":"Garrett-Jones C, Grab B. The assessment of insecticidal impact on the malaria mosquito\u2019s vectorial capacity, from data on the proportion of parous females. Bull World Health Organ. 1964;31:71\u201386.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"4089_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2038-3","volume":"10","author":"JB Keven","year":"2017","unstructured":"Keven JB, Reimer L, Katusele M, Koimbu G, Vinit R, Vincent N, et al. Plasticity of host selection by malaria vectors of Papua New Guinea. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10:95.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4089_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12316","volume":"32","author":"KH Toe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Toe KH, M\u00fcller P, Badolo A, Traore A, Sagnon N, Dabir\u00e9 RK, et al. Do bednets including piperonyl butoxide offer additional protection against populations of Anopheles gambiae s.l. that are highly resistant to pyrethroids? An experimental hut evaluation in Burkina Fasov. Med Vet Entomol. 2018;32:407\u201316.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"4089_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0554-1","volume":"14","author":"KA Lindblade","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lindblade KA, Mwandama D, Mzilahowa T, Steinhardt L, Gimnig J, Shah M, et al. A cohort study of the effectiveness of insecticide-treated bed nets to prevent malaria in an area of moderate pyrethroid resistance. Malawi Malar J. 2015;14:31.","journal-title":"Malawi Malar J"},{"key":"4089_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30427-6","volume":"391","author":"N Protopopoff","year":"2018","unstructured":"Protopopoff N, Mosha JF, Lukole E, Charlwood JD, Wright A, Mwalimu CD, et al. Effectiveness of a long-lasting piperonyl butoxide-treated insecticidal net and indoor residual spray interventions, separately and together, against malaria transmitted by pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes: a cluster, randomised controlled, two-by-two factorial design trial. Lancet. 2018;391:1577\u201388.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4089_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30214-2","volume":"395","author":"SG Staedke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Staedke SG, Gonahasa S, Dorsey G, Kamya MR, Maiteki-Sebuguzi C, Lynd A, et al. Effect of long-lasting insecticidal nets with and without piperonyl butoxide on malaria indicators in Uganda (LLINEUP): a pragmatic, cluster-randomised trial embedded in a national LLIN distribution campaign. Lancet. 2020;395:1292\u2013303.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4089_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-122","volume":"3","author":"RH Hunt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hunt RH, Edwardes M, Coetzee M. Pyrethroid resistance in southern African Anopheles funestus extends to Likoma Island in Lake Malawi. Parasit Vectors. 2010;3:122.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4089_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2008.00736.x","volume":"22","author":"T Mzilahowa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mzilahowa T, Ball AJ, Bass C, Morgan JC, Nyoni B, Steen K, et al. Reduced susceptibility to DDT in field populations of Anopheles quadriannulatus and Anopheles arabiensis in Malawi: evidence for larval selection. Med Vet Entomol. 2008;22:258\u201363.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"4089_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1610-1","volume":"15","author":"T Mzilahowa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mzilahowa T, Chiumia M, Mbewe RB, Uzalili VT, Luka-Banda M, Kutengule A, et al. Increasing insecticide resistance in Anopheles funestus and Anopheles arabiensis in Malawi, 2011\u20132015. Malar J. 2016;15:563.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4089_CR15","first-page":"4","volume":"14","author":"AA Spiers","year":"2002","unstructured":"Spiers AA, Mzilahowa T, Atkinson D, McCall PJ. The malaria vectors of the Lower Shire valley, Malawi. Malawi Med J. 2002;14:4\u20137.","journal-title":"Malawi Med J"},{"key":"4089_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-380","volume":"11","author":"T Mzilahowa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mzilahowa T, Hastings IM, Molyneux ME, McCall PJ. Entomological indices of malaria transmission in Chikhwawa district, Southern Malawi. Malar J. 2012;11:380.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4089_CR17","volume-title":"A supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Afrotropical region)","author":"MT Gillies","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gillies MT, Coetzee M. A supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Afrotropical region). Johannesburg: South African Institute for Medical Research; 1987."},{"key":"4089_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-6-23","volume":"6","author":"ED Walker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Walker ED, Thibault AR, Thelen AP, Bullard BA, Huang J, Odiere MR, et al. Identification of field caught Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis by TaqMan single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping. Malar J. 2007;6:23.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4089_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-282","volume":"8","author":"SB Vezenegho","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vezenegho SB, Bass C, Puinean M, Williamson MS, Field LM, Coetzee M, et al. Development of multiplex real-time PCR assays for identification of members of the Anopheles funestus species group. Malar J. 2009;8:282.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4089_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3986-6","volume":"13","author":"JB Keven","year":"2020","unstructured":"Keven JB, Artzberger G, Gillies ML, Mbewe RB, Walker ED. Probe-based multiplex qPCR identifies blood-meal hosts in Anopheles mosquitoes from Papua New Guinea. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13:111.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4089_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.1999.00193.x","volume":"13","author":"DA Boakye","year":"1999","unstructured":"Boakye DA, Tang J, Truc P, Merriweather A, Unnasch TR. Identification of bloodmeals in haematophagous Diptera by cytochrome B heteroduplex analysis. Med Vet Entomol. 1999;13:282\u20137.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"4089_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.268","volume":"80","author":"GL Hamer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hamer GL, Kitron UD, Goldberg TL, Brawn JD, Loss SR, Ruiz MO, et al. Host selection by Culex pipiens mosquitoes and West Nile virus amplification. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;80:268\u201378.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4089_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.599","volume":"66","author":"JH Lee","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lee JH, Hassan H, Hill G, Cupp EW, Higazi TB, Mitchell CJ, et al. Identification of mosquito avian-derived blood meals by polymerase chain reaction-heteroduplex analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002;66:599\u2013604.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4089_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1203.051004","volume":"12","author":"G Molaei","year":"2006","unstructured":"Molaei G, Andreadis TA, Armstrong PM, Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR. Host feeding patterns of Culex mosquitoes and West Nile Virus transmission, northeastern United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:468\u201374.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"4089_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2008.02469.x","volume":"9","author":"RJ Kent","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kent RJ. Molecular methods for arthropod bloodmeal identification and applications to ecological and vector-borne disease studies. Mol Ecol Res. 2009;9:4\u201318.","journal-title":"Mol Ecol Res"},{"key":"4089_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105751","volume":"213","author":"SS Nagaki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nagaki SS, Chaves LSM, L\u00f3pez RVM, Bergo ES, Laporta GZ, Conn JE, et al. Host feeding patterns of Nyssorhynchus darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Brazilian Amazon. Acta Trop. 2021;213:105751.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"4089_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-04030-4","volume":"21","author":"JB Keven","year":"2022","unstructured":"Keven JB, Katusele M, Vinit R, Rodr\u00edguez-Rodr\u00edguez D, Hetzel MW, Robinson LJ, et al. Vector composition, abundance, biting patterns and malaria transmission intensity in Madang, Papua New Guinea: assessment after 7 years of an LLIN-based malaria control programme. Malar J. 2022;21:7.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4089_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814043-7.00015-7","volume-title":"Medical and veterinary entomology","author":"WA Foster","year":"2019","unstructured":"Foster WA, Walker ED. Mosquitoes (Culicidae). In: Mullen GR, Durden LA, editors. Medical and veterinary entomology. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Academic Press; 2019. p. 261\u2013322.","edition":"3"},{"key":"4089_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-381387-9.00004-X","volume":"39","author":"RC Smith","year":"2010","unstructured":"Smith RC, Jacobs-Lorena M. Plasmodium\u2013mosquito Interactions: a tale of roadblocks and detours. Adv Insect Physiol. 2010;39:119\u201349.","journal-title":"Adv Insect Physiol"},{"key":"4089_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12304","volume":"6","author":"K Aho","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aho K, Bowyer RT. Confidence intervals for ratios of proportions: implications for selection ratios. Methods Ecol Evol. 2015;6:121\u201332.","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"key":"4089_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-111","volume":"13","author":"M Kilama","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kilama M, Smith DL, Hutchinson R, Kigozi R, Yeka A, Lavoy G, et al. Estimating the annual entomological inoculation rate for Plasmodium falciparum transmitted by Anopheles gambiae s.l. using three sampling methods in three sites in Uganda. Malar J. 2014;13:111.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4089_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90005-7","volume":"95","author":"GF Killeen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Killeen GF, McKenzie FE, Foy BD, B\u00f8gh C, Beier JC. The availability of potential hosts as a determinant of feeding behaviours and malaria transmission by African mosquito populations. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2001;95:469\u201376.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4089_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3401-3","volume":"12","author":"J Orsborne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Orsborne J, Furuya-Kanamori L, Jeffries CL, Kristan M, Mohammed AR, Afrane YA, et al. Investigating the blood-host plasticity and dispersal of Anopheles coluzzii using a novel field-based methodology. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12:143.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4089_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57732-1","volume":"10","author":"J Orsborne","year":"2020","unstructured":"Orsborne J, Mohammed AR, Jeffries CL, Kristan M, Afrane YA, Walker T, et al. Evidence of extrinsic factors dominating intrinsic blood host preferences of major African malaria vectors. Sci Rep. 2020;10:741.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4089_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120811-153618","volume":"58","author":"W Takken","year":"2013","unstructured":"Takken W, Verhulst NO. Host preferences of blood-feeding mosquitoes. Annu Rev Entomol. 2013;58:433\u201353.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"4089_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-1993-z","volume":"10","author":"S Das","year":"2017","unstructured":"Das S, Muleba M, Stevenson JC, Pringle JC, Norris DE. Beyond the entomological inoculation rate: characterizing multiple blood feeding behavior and Plasmodium falciparum multiplicity of infection in Anopheles mosquitoes in northern Zambia. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10:45.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4089_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.267","volume":"76","author":"RJ Kent","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kent RJ, Thuma PE, Mharakurwa S, Norris DE. Seasonality, blood feeding behavior, and transmission of Plasmodium falciparum by Anopheles arabiensis after an extended drought in Southern Zambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;76:267\u201374.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4089_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2012.01063.x","volume":"27","author":"ML Fritz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fritz ML, Miller JR, Bayoh N, Vulule JM, Landgraf JR, Walker ED. Application of a reverse dot blot, DNA-DNA hydridization method to quantify host-feeding tendencies of two sibling species in the Anopheles gambiae complex. Med Vet Entomol. 2013;27:398\u2013407.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"4089_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0614","volume":"90","author":"RS McCann","year":"2014","unstructured":"McCann RS, Ochomo E, Bayoh MN, Vulule JM, Hamel MJ, Gimnig JE, et al. Reemergence of Anopheles funestus as a vector of Plasmodium falciparum in Western Kenya after long-term implementation of insecticide-treated bed nets. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;90:597\u2013604.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4089_CR40","first-page":"1325","volume":"9","author":"SW Lindsay","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lindsay SW, Thomas MB, Kleinschmidt I. Threats to the effectiveness of insecticide-treated bednets for malaria control: thinking beyond insecticide resistance. Lancet. 2021;9:1325\u201331.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4089_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105059","volume":"197","author":"MM Mburu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mburu MM, Mzilahowa T, Amoah B, Chifundo D, Phiri KS, Berg H, et al. Biting patterns of malaria vectors of the lower Shire valley, southern Malawi. Acta Trop. 2019;197:105059.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"4089_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004512","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004512","volume":"10","author":"K Logue","year":"2016","unstructured":"Logue K, Keven JB, Cannon MV, Reimer L, Siba P, Walker ED, et al. Unbiased characterization of Anopheles mosquito blood meals by targeted high-throughput sequencing. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10:e0004512.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"4089_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.127998","volume":"3","author":"M Tajadini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tajadini M, Panjehpour M, Javanmard SH. Comparison of SYBR Green and TaqMan methods in quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of four adenosine receptor subtypes. Adv Biomed Res. 2014;3:85.","journal-title":"Adv Biomed Res"},{"key":"4089_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-117","volume":"3","author":"ME Sinka","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sinka ME, Bangs MJ, Manguin S, Coetzee M, Mbogo CM, Hemingway J, et al. The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in Africa, Europe and the Middle East: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic pr\u00e9cis. Parasit Vectors. 2010;3:117.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4089_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2407-1","volume":"17","author":"C Stone","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stone C, Gross K. Evolution of host preference in anthropophilic mosquitoes. Malar J. 2018;17:257.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4089_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-122","volume":"11","author":"JM Cohen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cohen JM, Smith DL, Cotter C, Ward A, Yamey G, Sabot OJ, et al. Malaria resurgence: a systematic review and assessment of its causes. Malar J. 2012;11:122.","journal-title":"Malar J"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-022-04089-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-022-04089-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-022-04089-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T03:34:39Z","timestamp":1666323279000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-022-04089-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4089"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-022-04089-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 August 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Michigan State University and the University of Malawi, College of Medicine. Written informed consent was obtained from head of households before entering their house to collect mosquitoes and conduct host abundance survey.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"67"}}