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This was built on three main data sources: from detailed descriptive morphology, from observational histories of induced infections in captive primates, syphilis patients, prison inmates and volunteers, and from clinical and epidemiological studies in the field. All three were wholly dependent on parasitological information from blood-film microscopy, and <jats:italic>The Primate Malarias\u201d<\/jats:italic> by Coatney and colleagues (1971) provides an overview of this knowledge available at that time. Here, 50\u00a0years on, a perspective from the third decade of the twenty-first century is presented on two pairs of primate malaria parasite species. Included is a near-exhaustive summary of the recent and current geographical distribution for each of these four species, and of the underlying molecular and genomic evidence for each. The important role of host transitions in the radiation of <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> spp. is discussed, as are any implications for the desired elimination of all malaria species in human populations. Two important questions are posed, requiring further work on these often ignored taxa. Is <jats:italic>Plasmodium brasilianum,<\/jats:italic> circulating among wild simian hosts in the Americas, a distinct species from <jats:italic>Plasmodium malariae<\/jats:italic>? Can new insights into the genomic differences between <jats:italic>Plasmodium ovale curtisi<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Plasmodium ovale wallikeri<\/jats:italic> be linked to any important differences in parasite morphology, cell biology or clinical and epidemiological features?<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04151-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T16:03:47Z","timestamp":1651593827000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The primate malaria parasites Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium brasilianum and Plasmodium ovale spp.: genomic insights into distribution, dispersal and host transitions"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Hans-Peter","family":"Fuehrer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Campino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin J.","family":"Sutherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"4151_CR1","unstructured":"Coatney GR, Collins WE, Warren M, Contacos PG. 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