{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T14:50:26Z","timestamp":1794408626060,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650326400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan International Cooperation Agency and the Joint Usage\/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University","award":["2020-Ippan-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-Ippan-14"]}]},{"name":"Japan International Cooperation Agency and the Joint Usage\/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University","award":["2020-Ippan-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-Ippan-23"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Loss of efficacy of diagnostic tests may lead to untreated or mistreated malaria cases, compromising case management and control. There is an increasing reliance on rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for malaria diagnosis, with the most widely used of these targeting the\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      histidine-rich protein 2 (\n                      <jats:italic>Pf<\/jats:italic>\n                      HRP2). There are numerous reports of the deletion of this gene in\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      parasites in some populations, rendering them undetectable by\n                      <jats:italic>Pf<\/jats:italic>\n                      HRP2 RDTs. The aim of this study was to identify\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      parasites lacking the\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      histidine rich protein 2 and 3 genes (\n                      <jats:italic>pfhrp<\/jats:italic>\n                      2\/3) isolated from asymptomatic and symptomatic school-age children in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The performance of\n                      <jats:italic>Pf<\/jats:italic>\n                      HRP2-based RDTs in comparison to microscopy and PCR was assessed using blood samples collected and spotted on Whatman 903\u2122 filter papers between October and November 2019 from school-age children aged 6\u201314\u00a0years. PCR was then used to identify parasite isolates lacking\n                      <jats:italic>pfhrp2\/3<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among asymptomatic malaria carriers (N\u2009=\u2009266), 49%, 65%, and 70% were microscopy,\n                      <jats:italic>Pf<\/jats:italic>\n                      HRP2_RDT, and\n                      <jats:italic>pfldh<\/jats:italic>\n                      -qPCR positive, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of RDTs compared to PCR were 80% and 70% while the sensitivity and specificity of RDTs compared to microscopy were 92% and 60%, respectively. Among symptomatic malaria carriers (N\u2009=\u2009196), 62%, 67%, and 87% were microscopy,\n                      <jats:italic>Pf<\/jats:italic>\n                      HRP2-based RDT,\n                      <jats:italic>pfldh<\/jats:italic>\n                      -qPCR and positive, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of RDTs compared to PCR were 75% and 88%, whereas the sensitivity and specificity of RDTs compared to microscopy were 93% and 77%, respectively. Of 173 samples with sufficient DNA for PCR amplification of\n                      <jats:italic>pfhrp<\/jats:italic>\n                      2\/3, deletions of\n                      <jats:italic>pfhrp2<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>pfhrp3<\/jats:italic>\n                      were identified in 2% and 1%, respectively. Three (4%) of samples harboured deletions of the\n                      <jats:italic>pfhrp2<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene in asymptomatic parasite carriers and one (1%) isolate lacked the\n                      <jats:italic>pfhrp3<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene among symptomatic parasite carriers in the RDT positive subgroup. No parasites lacking the\n                      <jats:italic>pfhrp2\/3<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes were found in the RDT negative subgroup.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      histidine-rich protein 2\/3 gene deletions are uncommon in the surveyed population, and do not result in diagnostic failure. The use of rigorous PCR methods to identify\n                      <jats:italic>pfhrp<\/jats:italic>\n                      2\/3 gene deletions is encouraged in order to minimize the overestimation of their prevalence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04153-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T17:07:16Z","timestamp":1650388036000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Low prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum parasites lacking pfhrp2\/3 genes among asymptomatic and symptomatic school-age children in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Sabin S.","family":"Nundu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Arima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirley V.","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben-Yeddy Abel","family":"Chitama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yannick Bazitama","family":"Munyeku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Jacques","family":"Muyembe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshihiro","family":"Mita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Ahuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8808-5771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Culleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taro","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"4153_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240015791. Accessed 13 Sept 2021."},{"key":"4153_CR2","unstructured":"WHO. A global strategy for malaria control. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1993. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/41785\/9241561610.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Accessed 13 Sept 2021."},{"key":"4153_CR3","volume-title":"Guidelines for the treatment of malaria","author":"WHO","year":"2010","unstructured":"WHO. Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010."},{"key":"4153_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12152","volume":"19","author":"J Maltha","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maltha J, Gillet P, Jacobs J. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests in travel medicine. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013;19:408\u201315.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"4153_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.69.372","volume":"69","author":"FE McKenzie","year":"2003","unstructured":"McKenzie FE, Sirichaisinthop J, Miller RS, Gasser RA Jr, Wongsrichanalai C. Dependence of malaria detection and species diagnosis by microscopy on parasite density. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003;69:372\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4153_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90359-0","volume":"93","author":"NW Stow","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stow NW, Torrens JK, Walker J. An assessment of the accuracy of clinical diagnosis, local microscopy and a rapid immunochromatographic card test in comparison with expert microscopy in the diagnosis of malaria in rural Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1999;93:519\u201320.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4153_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-5-92","volume":"5","author":"JD Maguire","year":"2006","unstructured":"Maguire JD, Lederman ER, Barcus MJ, O\u2019Meara WA, Jordon RG, Duong S, et al. Production and validation of durable, high quality standardized malaria microscopy slides for teaching, testing and quality assurance during an era of declining diagnostic proficiency. Malar J. 2006;5:92.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4153_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00509.x","volume":"5","author":"AH Kilian","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kilian AH, Metzger WG, Mutschelknauss EJ, Kabagambe G, Langi P, Korte R, et al. Reliability of malaria microscopy in epidemiological studies: results of quality control. Trop Med Int Health. 2000;5:3\u20138.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"4153_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-224","volume":"11","author":"HM Muhindo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Muhindo HM, Ilombe G, Meya R, Mitashi PM, Kutekemeni A, Gasigwa D, et al. Accuracy of malaria rapid diagnosis test Optimal-IT(\u00ae) in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of Congo. Malar J. 2012;11:224.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4153_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-433","volume":"13","author":"F Mwingira","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mwingira F, Genton B, Kabanywanyi AN, Felger I. Comparison of detection methods to estimate asexual Plasmodium falciparum parasite prevalence and gametocyte carriage in a community survey in Tanzania. Malar J. 2014;13:433.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4153_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1159-z","volume":"15","author":"LE Amoah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Amoah LE, Abankwa J, Oppong A. Plasmodium falciparum histidine rich protein-2 diversity and the implications for PfHRP 2: based malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Ghana. Malar J. 2016;15:101.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4153_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-171","volume":"9","author":"J Maltha","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maltha J, Gillet P, Bottieau E, Cnops L, van Esbroeck M, Jacobs J. Evaluation of a rapid diagnostic test (CareStart Malaria HRP-2\/pLDH (Pf\/pan) Combo Test) for the diagnosis of malaria in a reference setting. Malar J. 2010;9:171.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4153_CR13","volume":"5","author":"JW Rozelle","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rozelle JW, Korvah J, Wiah O, Kraemer J, Hirschhorn LR, Price MR, et al. Improvements in malaria testing and treatment after a national community health worker program in rural Liberia. J Glob Health. 2021;5: e2021073.","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"4153_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-34","volume":"12","author":"N Wurtz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wurtz N, Fall B, Bui K, Pascual A, Fall M, Camara C, et al. Pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Dakar, Senegal: impact on rapid malaria diagnostic tests. Malar J. 2013;12:34.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4153_CR15","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241565721. Accessed 13 Sept 2021."},{"key":"4153_CR16","unstructured":"WHO. Malaria rapid diagnostic test performance. Results of WHO product testing of RDTs. Round 8 (2016\u20132018). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/276190\/9789241514965-eng.pdf. Accessed 3 Nov 2021."},{"key":"4153_CR17","unstructured":"WHO. P. falciparum hrp2\/3 gene deletions: conclusions and recommendations of a technical consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. https:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/mpac\/mpac-sept2016-hrp2-consultation-short-report-session7.pdf. Accessed 13 Sept 2021."},{"key":"4153_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.09.007","volume":"101","author":"PL Chiodini","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chiodini PL, Bowers K, Jorgensen P, Barnwell JW, Grady KK, Luchavez J, et al. The heat stability of Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase-based and histidine-rich protein 2-based malaria rapid diagnostic tests. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2007;101:331\u20137.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4153_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06533-11","volume":"50","author":"N Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee N, Gatton ML, Pelecanos A, Bubb M, Gonzalez I, Bell D, et al. Identification of optimal epitopes for Plasmodium falciparum rapid diagnostic tests that target histidine-rich proteins 2 and 3. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50:1397\u2013405.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"4153_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02557-05","volume":"44","author":"N Lee","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lee N, Baker J, Andrews KT, Gatton ML, Bell D, Cheng Q, et al. Effect of sequence variation in Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 on binding of specific monoclonal antibodies: implications for rapid diagnostic tests for malaria. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:2773\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"4153_CR21","unstructured":"WHO. Malaria rapid diagnostic test performance: results of WHO product testing of malaria RDTs: round 5 (2013). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241507554. Accessed 4 Sept 2021."},{"key":"4153_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix347","volume":"216","author":"JB Parr","year":"2017","unstructured":"Parr JB, Verity R, Doctor SM, Janko M, Carey-Ewend K, Turman BJ, et al. Pfhrp2-deleted Plasmodium falciparum parasites in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a national cross-sectional survey. J Infect Dis. 2017;216:36\u201344.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"4153_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6495","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85913-z","volume":"11","author":"JB Parr","year":"2021","unstructured":"Parr JB, Kieto E, Phanzu F, Mansiangi P, Mwandagalirwa K, Mvuama N, et al. Analysis of false-negative rapid diagnostic tests for symptomatic malaria in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Sci Rep. 2021;11:6495.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4153_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-021-00860-1","volume":"10","author":"YB Munyeku","year":"2021","unstructured":"Munyeku YB, Musaka AA, Ernest M, Smith C, Mansiangi PM, Culleton R. Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum isolates lacking the histidine rich protein 2 gene among symptomatic malaria patients in Kwilu Province of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Infect Dis Poverty. 2021;10:77.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"4153_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-1074-8","volume":"15","author":"G Ferrari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferrari G, Ntuku HM, Schmidlin S, Diboulo E, Tshefu AK, Lengeler C. A malaria risk map of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Malar J. 2016;15:27.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4153_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03919-4","volume":"20","author":"SS Nundu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nundu SS, Culleton R, Simpson SV, Arima H, Muyembe JJ, Mita T, et al. Malaria parasite species composition of Plasmodium infections among asymptomatic and symptomatic school-age children in rural and urban areas of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Malar J. 2021;20:389.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4153_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2287-4","volume":"17","author":"JB Parr","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parr JB, Anderson O, Juliano JJ, Meshnick SR. Streamlined, PCR-based testing for pfhrp2- and pfhrp3-negative Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J. 2018;17:137.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4153_CR28","unstructured":"WHO. False-negative RDT results and implications of new P. falciparum histidine-rich protein 2\/3 gene deletions. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/258972\/WHO-HTM-GMP-2017.18-eng.pdf;jsessionid=BA37E3E369DFA1098EAA29E4938FF6C3?sequence=1. Accessed 16 Sept 2021."},{"key":"4153_CR29","unstructured":"WHO. Response plan to pfhrp2 gene deletions. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/325528\/WHO-CDS-GMP-2019.02-eng.pdf. Accessed 16 Sept 2021."},{"key":"4153_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix347","volume":"216","author":"JB Parr","year":"2017","unstructured":"Parr JB, Meshnick SR. Response to Woodrow and Fanello. J Infect Dis. 2017;216:503\u20134.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"4153_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix345","volume":"216","author":"CJ Woodrow","year":"2017","unstructured":"Woodrow CJ, Fanello C. Pfhrp2 deletions in the Democratic Republic of Congo: evidence of absence, or absence of evidence? J Infect Dis. 2017;216:504\u20136.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"4153_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03739-6","volume":"20","author":"A Kong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kong A, Wilson SA, Ah Y, Nace D, Rogier E, Aidoo M. HRP2 and HRP3 cross-reactivity and implications for HRP2-based RDT use in regions with Plasmodium falciparum hrp2 gene deletions. Malar J. 2021;20:207.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4153_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1086\/432010","volume":"192","author":"J Baker","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baker J, McCarthy J, Gatton M, Kyle DE, Belizario V, Luchavez J, Bell D, Cheng Q. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) and its effect on the performance of PfHRP2-based rapid diagnostic tests. J Infect Dis. 2005;192:870\u20137.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"4153_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2403.171723","volume":"24","author":"A Berhane","year":"2018","unstructured":"Berhane A, Anderson K, Mihreteab S, Gresty K, Rogier E, Mohamed S, et al. Major threat to malaria control programs by Plasmodium falciparum lacking histidine-rich protein 2, Eritrea. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24:462\u201370.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"4153_CR35","unstructured":"WHO. False-negative RDT results and implications of new reports of P. falciparum histidine-rich protein 2\/3 gene deletions. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/258972\/WHO-HTM-GMP-2017.18-eng.pdf;jsessionid=BA37E3E369DFA1098EAA29E4938FF6C3?sequence=1. Accessed 16 Sept 2021."},{"key":"4153_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001582","volume":"4","author":"OJ Watson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Watson OJ, Sumner KM, Janko M, Goel V, Winskill P, Slater HC, et al. False-negative malaria rapid diagnostic test results and their impact on community-based malaria surveys in sub-Saharan Africa. BMJ Glob Health. 2019;4: e001582.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"4153_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S86","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16039","volume":"528","author":"L Wu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu L, van den Hoogen LL, Slater H, Walker PG, Ghani AC, Drakeley CJ, et al. Comparison of diagnostics for the detection of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections to inform control and elimination strategies. Nature. 2015;528:S86\u201393.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4153_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-480","volume":"13","author":"MF Ho","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ho MF, Baker J, Lee N, Luchavez J, Ariey F, Nhem S, et al. Circulating antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich proteins 2 interfere with antigen detection by rapid diagnostic tests. Malar J. 2014;13:480.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4153_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03251-3","volume":"19","author":"G Pasquier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pasquier G, Azoury V, Sasso M, Laroche L, Varlet-Marie E, Houz\u00e9 S, et al. Rapid diagnostic tests failing to detect infections by Plasmodium falciparum encoding pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 genes in a non-endemic setting. Malar J. 2020;19:179.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4153_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121763","volume":"10","author":"E Lo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lo E, Zhou G, Oo W, Afrane Y, Githeko A, Yan G. Low parasitemia in submicroscopic infections significantly impacts malaria diagnostic sensitivity in the highlands of Western Kenya. PLoS ONE. 2015;10: e0121763.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4153_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(93)90050-8","volume":"58","author":"G Snounou","year":"1993","unstructured":"Snounou G, Viriyakosol S, Jarra W, Thaithong S, Brown KN. Identification of the four human malaria parasite species in field samples by the polymerase chain reaction and detection of a high prevalence of mixed infections. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1993;58:283\u201392.","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"4153_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1789-9","volume":"16","author":"MT Zaw","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zaw MT, Thant M, Hlaing TM, Aung NZ, Thu M, Phumchuea K, et al. Asymptomatic and sub-microscopic malaria infection in Kayah State, eastern Myanmar. Malar J. 2017;16:138.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4153_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01508-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01508-20","volume":"59","author":"K Zainabadi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zainabadi K. Ultrasensitive diagnostics for low-density asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections in low-transmission settings. J Clin Microbiol. 2021;59:e01508-20.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"4153_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1409-0","volume":"15","author":"SM Doctor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Doctor SM, Liu Y, Anderson OG, Whitesell AN, Mwandagalirwa MK, Muwonga J, et al. Low prevalence of Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale mono-infections among children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a population-based, cross-sectional study. Malar J. 2016;15:350.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4153_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.03.009","volume":"61","author":"PF Mens","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mens PF, van Amerongen A, Sawa P, Kager PA, Schallig HD. Molecular diagnosis of malaria in the field: development of a novel 1-step nucleic acid lateral flow immunoassay for the detection of all 4 human Plasmodium spp. and its evaluation in Mbita, Kenya. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;61:421\u20137.","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"4153_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01779.x","volume":"12","author":"P Mens","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mens P, Spieker N, Omar S, Heijnen M, Schallig H, Kager PA. Is molecular biology the best alternative for diagnosis of malaria to microscopy? A comparison between microscopy, antigen detection and molecular tests in rural Kenya and urban Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health. 2007;12:238\u201344.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-022-04153-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-022-04153-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-022-04153-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T01:00:20Z","timestamp":1700442020000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-022-04153-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4153"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-022-04153-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1052497\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 November 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 April 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the ethics committees of the School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, DRC (Approval number: ESP\/CE\/042\/2019) and the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University (Approval number: 190110208-2).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors read and approved the final manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"126"}}