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An entomological surveillance planning tool (ESPT) was used to answer the programmatic question of whether IRS would be effective in target geographies, given limited information on local vector bionomics.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Entomological intelligence was collected in six sentinel sites at the end of the rainy season (April\u2013May 2018) and the beginning of the dry season (June\u2013July 2018). The primary objective was to provide an \u2018entomological snapshot\u2019 by collecting question-based, timely and high-quality data within one single week in each location. Host-seeking behaviour (both indoors and outdoors) was monitored by human-baited tent traps. Indoor resting behaviour was quantified by pyrethrum spray catches and window exit traps.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Five different species or species groups were identified: <jats:italic>Anopheles funestus <\/jats:italic>sensu lato<jats:italic> (s.l.)<\/jats:italic> (66.0%), <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae s.l.<\/jats:italic> (14.0%), <jats:italic>Anopheles pharoensis<\/jats:italic> (1.4%), <jats:italic>Anopheles tenebrosus<\/jats:italic> (14.1%) and <jats:italic>Anopheles ziemanni<\/jats:italic> (4.5%). <jats:italic>Anopheles funestus <\/jats:italic>sensu stricto<jats:italic> (s.s.)<\/jats:italic> was the major vector among its sibling species, and 1.9% were positive for <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> infections. <jats:italic>Anopheles arabiensis<\/jats:italic> was the most abundant vector species within the <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic> complex, but none tested positive for <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> infections. Some <jats:italic>An. tenebrosus<\/jats:italic> were positive for <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> (1.3%). When evaluating behaviours that impact IRS efficacy, i.e. endophily, the known primary vector <jats:italic>An. funestus s.s.<\/jats:italic>, was found to rest indoors\u2014demonstrating at least part of its population will be impacted by the intervention if insecticides are selected to which this vector is susceptible. However, other vector species, including <jats:italic>An. gambiae s.l<\/jats:italic>., <jats:italic>An. tenebrosus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>An. pharoensis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>An. ziemanni<\/jats:italic>, showed exophilic and exophagic behaviours in several of the districts surveilled.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The targeted approach to entomological surveillance was successful in collecting question-based entomological intelligence to inform decision-making about the use of IRS in specific districts. Endophilic <jats:italic>An. funestus s.s.<\/jats:italic> was documented as being the most prevalent and primary malaria vector suggesting that IRS can reduce malaria transmission, but the presence of other vector species both indoors and outdoors suggests that alternative vector control interventions that target these gaps in protection may increase the impact of vector control in southern Mozambique.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04233-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T11:03:07Z","timestamp":1657623787000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["To spray or target mosquitoes another way: focused entomological intelligence guides the implementation of indoor residual spraying in southern Mozambique"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Celso","family":"Alafo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Mart\u00ed-Soler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mara","family":"M\u00e1quina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arlindo","family":"Malheia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayesha S.","family":"Aswat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lizette L.","family":"Koekemoer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Colborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neil F.","family":"Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Tatarsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasmin A.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dulcis\u00e1ria","family":"Marrenjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelson","family":"Cuamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Rabinovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Aide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Sa\u00fate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krijn P.","family":"Paaijmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"4233_CR1","first-page":"83","volume":"86","author":"BL Sharp","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sharp BL, le Sueur D. 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Administrative approval was obtained from the Ministry of Health (288\/GM\/002\/2018) and from each province (DPSI\/DPSP\/995\/2017 for Inhambane, and 556\/02\/DPS\/NPPG for Gaza province). Study participants (>\u200918\u00a0years old) were informed about the purpose of the study in the local language (Shangana or Portuguese) using a written script that contained information on the study objectives, study risks and benefits, highlighting their right to withdraw from the study at any time during the study. Participants were enrolled when written informed consent was provided. The adult (>\u200918\u00a0years old) male volunteers from each household who slept in the tent on their own property for two consecutive nights received a small financial compensation. All human data were de-identified to protect individual identity.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Abt Associates Inc. provided support in the form of salaries for author NC, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. This does not alter our adherence to Malaria Journal policies on sharing data and materials.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"215"}}