{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:46:30Z","timestamp":1790401590374,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657756800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI146763"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI146763"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI146763"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI146763"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI146763"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI146763"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI146763"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI146763"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI146763"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI146763"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI146763"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI146763"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI146763"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI146763"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI146763"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI146763"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI146763"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI146763"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI146763"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI146763"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI146763"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI146763"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI146763"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI146763"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Many <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> infections in endemic regions exist at densities below the limit of detection of standard diagnostic tools. These infections threaten control efforts and may impact vaccine and therapeutic drug studies. Simple, cost-effective methods are needed to study the natural history of asymptomatic submicroscopic parasitaemia. Self-collected dried blood spots (DBS) analysed using pooled and individual quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) provide such a solution. Here, the feasibility and acceptability of daily at-home DBS collections for qRT-PCR was studied to better understand low-density infections.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Rapid diagnostic test (RDT)-negative individuals in Katakwi District, northeastern Uganda, were recruited between April and May 2021. Venous blood samples and clinic-collected DBS were taken at enrollment and at four weekly clinic visits. Participants were trained in DBS collection and asked to collect six DBS weekly between clinic visits. Opinions about the collection process were solicited using daily Diary Cards and a Likert scale survey at the final study visit. Venous blood and DBS were analysed by <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> 18S rRNA qRT-PCR. The number of participants completing the study, total DBS collected, and opinions of the process were analysed to determine compliance and acceptability. The human internal control mRNA and <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> 18S rRNA were evaluated for at-home vs. clinic-collected DBS and venous blood to assess quality and accuracy of at-home collected samples.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>One-hundred two adults and 29 children were enrolled, and 95 and 26 completed the study, respectively. Three individuals withdrew due to pain or inconvenience of procedures. Overall, 96% of participants collected\u2009\u2265\u200916 of 24 at-home DBS, and 87% of DBS contained\u2009\u2265\u200940\u00a0\u00b5L of blood. The procedure was well tolerated and viewed favourably by participants. At-home collected DBS were acceptable for qRT-PCR and showed less than a one qRT-PCR cycle threshold shift in the human control mRNA compared to clinic-collected DBS. Correlation between <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> 18S rRNA from paired whole blood and DBS was high (R\u2009=\u20090.93).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>At-home DBS collection is a feasible, acceptable, and robust method to obtain blood to evaluate the natural history of low-density <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> infections by qRT-PCR.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04239-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T16:03:02Z","timestamp":1657814582000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Feasibility of community at-home dried blood spot collection combined with pooled reverse transcription PCR as a viable and convenient method for malaria epidemiology studies"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Dianna E. B.","family":"Hergott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tonny J.","family":"Owalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Balkus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadette","family":"Apio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimmy","family":"Lema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Cemeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Akileng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette M.","family":"Seilie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Chavtur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weston","family":"Staubus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas G.","family":"Egwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean C.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"4239_CR1","volume-title":"World malaria report 2021","author":"WHO","year":"2021","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021."},{"key":"4239_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2019.1693259","volume":"17","author":"J Cheaveau","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cheaveau J, Mogollon DC, Mohon MAN, Golassa L, Yewhalaw D, Pillai DR. Asymptomatic malaria in the clinical and public health context. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2019;17:997\u20131010.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"4239_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S86","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16039","volume":"528","author":"L Wu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu L, Van Den Hoogen LL, Slater H, Walker PGT, Ghani AC, Drakeley CJ, et al. Comparison of diagnostics for the detection of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections to inform control and elimination strategies. Nature. 2015;528:S86-93.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4239_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09441-1","volume":"10","author":"HC Slater","year":"2019","unstructured":"Slater HC, Ross A, Felger I, Hofmann NE, Robinson L, Cook J, et al. The temporal dynamics and infectiousness of subpatent Plasmodium falciparum infections in relation to parasite density. Nat Commun. 2019;10:1433.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4239_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02398","volume":"10","author":"KM Kimenyi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kimenyi KM, Wamae K, Ochola-Oyier LI. Understanding P. falciparum asymptomatic infections: a proposition for a transcriptomic approach. Front Immunol. 2019;10:2398.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"4239_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00566.x","volume":"5","author":"V Delley","year":"2000","unstructured":"Delley V, Bouvier P, Breslow N, Doumbo O, Sagara I, Diakite M, et al. What does a single determination of malaria parasite density mean? A longitudinal survey in Mali. Trop Med Int Health. 2000;5:404\u201312.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"4239_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.56.538","volume":"56","author":"A Farnert","year":"1997","unstructured":"Farnert A, Snounou G, Rooth I, Bjorkman A. Daily dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum subpopulations in asymptomatic children in a holoendemic area. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997;56:538\u201347.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4239_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy219","volume":"67","author":"B Galatas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Galatas B, Mart\u00ed-Soler H, Nhamussua L, Cister\u00f3 P, Aide P, Saute F, et al. Dynamics of afebrile Plasmodium falciparum infections in Mozambican men. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67:1045\u201352.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"4239_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30046-X","volume":"18","author":"TN Nguyen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nguyen TN, von Seidlein L, Nguyen T-V, Truong P-N, Do Hung S, Pham H-T, et al. The persistence and oscillations of submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections over time in Vietnam: an open cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18:565\u201372.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"4239_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04122-9","volume":"21","author":"A Holzschuh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Holzschuh A, Koepfli C. Tenfold difference in DNA recovery rate: systematic comparison of whole blood vs. dried blood spot sample collection for malaria molecular surveillance. Malar J. 2022;21:88.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4239_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83977-5","volume":"11","author":"A Mahittikorn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mahittikorn A, Masangkay FR, Kotepui KU, De Jesus MG, Kotepui M. Comparative performance of PCR using DNA extracted from dried blood spots and whole blood samples for malaria diagnosis: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2021;11:4845.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4239_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231385","volume":"15","author":"T Prinsenberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Prinsenberg T, Rebers S, Boyd A, Zuure F, Prins M, Van Der Valk M, et al. Dried blood spot self-sampling at home is a feasible technique for hepatitis C RNA detection. PLoS ONE. 2020;15: e0231385.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4239_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3491-0","volume":"18","author":"M Takano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Takano M, Iwahashi K, Satoh I, Araki J, Kinami T, Ikushima Y, et al. Assessment of HIV prevalence among MSM in Tokyo using self-collected dried blood spots delivered through the postal service. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18:627.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"4239_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.35772\/ghm.2021.01105","volume":"3","author":"T Hayashida","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hayashida T, Takano M, Tsuchiya K, Aoki T, Gatanaga H, Kaneko N, et al. Validation of mailed via postal service dried blood spot cards on commercially available HIV testing systems. Glob Health Med. 2021;3:394\u2013400.","journal-title":"Glob Health Med"},{"key":"4239_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2009.274","volume":"47","author":"MR Fokkema","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fokkema MR, Bakker AJ, De Boer F, Kooistra J, De Vries S, Wolthuis A. HbA1c measurements from dried blood spots: validation and patient satisfaction. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2009;47:1259\u201364.","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"4239_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/201918","volume":"2010","author":"AB Leichtle","year":"2010","unstructured":"Leichtle AB, Ceglarek U, Witzigmann H, G\u00e4bel G, Thiery J, Fiedler GM. Potential of dried blood self-sampling for Cyclosporine C2 monitoring in transplant outpatients. J Transplant. 2010;2010: 201918.","journal-title":"J Transplant"},{"key":"4239_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-013-0050-5","volume":"27","author":"ASME Ingels","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ingels ASME, Hertegonne KB, Lambert WE, Stove CP. Feasibility of following up gamma-hydroxybutyric acid concentrations in sodium oxybate (Xyrem\u00ae)-treated narcoleptic patients using dried blood spot sampling at home: an exploratory study. CNS Drugs. 2013;27:233\u20137.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"4239_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP2501","volume":"18","author":"W Kromdijk","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kromdijk W, Mulder JW, Smit PM, Ter HR, Beijnen JH, Huitema AD. Therapeutic drug monitoring of antiretroviral drugs at home using dried blood spots: a proof-of-concept study. Antivir Ther. 2013;18:821\u20135.","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"4239_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14249","volume":"86","author":"H Veenhof","year":"2020","unstructured":"Veenhof H, van Boven JFM, van der Voort A, Berger SP, Bakker SJL, Touw DJ. Effects, costs and implementation of monitoring kidney transplant patients\u2019 tacrolimus levels with dried blood spot sampling: a randomized controlled hybrid implementation trial. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2020;86:1357\u201366.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"4239_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-019-02640-1","volume":"75","author":"CCLM Boons","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boons CCLM, Timmers L, Janssen JJWM, Swart EL, Hugtenburg JG, Hendrikse NH. Feasibility of and patients\u2019 perspective on nilotinib dried blood spot self-sampling. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2019;75:825\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"4239_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515004298","volume":"115","author":"U Hoeller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hoeller U, Baur M, Roos FF, Brennan L, Daniel H, Fallaize R, et al. Application of dried blood spots to determine vitamin D status in a large nutritional study with unsupervised sampling: the Food4Me project. Br J Nutr. 2016;115:202\u201311.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"4239_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.20454","volume":"25","author":"S Ataei","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ataei S, Nateghpour M, Hajjaran H, Edrissian GH, Foroushani AR. High specificity of semi-nested multiplex PCR using dried blood spots on DNA Banking Card in comparison with frozen liquid blood for detection of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. J Clin Lab Anal. 2011;25:185\u201390.","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"key":"4239_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0614","volume":"92","author":"L Canier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Canier L, Khim N, Kim S, Eam R, Khean C, Loch K, et al. Malaria PCR detection in Cambodian low-transmission settings: dried blood spots versus venous blood samples. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;92:573\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4239_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-323","volume":"10","author":"S Proux","year":"2011","unstructured":"Proux S, Suwanarusk R, Barends M, Zwang J, Price RN, Leimanis M, et al. Considerations on the use of nucleic acid-based amplification for malaria parasite detection. Malar J. 2011;10:323.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4239_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-137","volume":"13","author":"GE Str\u00f8m","year":"2014","unstructured":"Str\u00f8m GE, Moyo S, Fataki M, Langeland N, Blomberg B. PCR targeting Plasmodium mitochondrial genome of DNA extracted from dried blood on filter paper compared to whole blood. Malar J. 2014;13:137.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4239_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-244","volume":"10","author":"BJ Taylor","year":"2011","unstructured":"Taylor BJ, Martin KA, Arango E, Agudelo OM, Maestre A, Yanow SK. Real-time PCR detection of Plasmodium directly from whole blood and filter paper samples. Malar J. 2011;10:244.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4239_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03952-3","volume":"20","author":"PM Hayuma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hayuma PM, Wang CW, Liheluka E, Baraka V, Madebe RA, Minja DTR, et al. Prevalence of asymptomatic malaria, submicroscopic parasitaemia and anaemia in Korogwe District, north-eastern Tanzania. Malar J. 2021;20:424.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4239_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-3010-9","volume":"18","author":"C Herman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Herman C, Huber CS, Jones S, Steinhardt L, Plucinski MM, Lemoine JF, et al. Multiplex malaria antigen detection by bead-based assay and molecular confirmation by PCR shows no evidence of Pfhrp2 and Pfhrp3 deletion in Haiti. Malar J. 2019;18:380.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4239_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2895-4","volume":"11","author":"AF Som\u00e9","year":"2018","unstructured":"Som\u00e9 AF, Bazi\u00e9 T, Zongo I, Yerbanga RS, Niki\u00e9ma F, Neya C, et al. Plasmodium falciparum msp1 and msp2 genetic diversity and allele frequencies in parasites isolated from symptomatic malaria patients in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:323.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4239_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03536-7","volume":"20","author":"N Mudare","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mudare N, Matsena-Zingoni Z, Makuwaza A, Mamini E, Munyati SS, Gwanzura L, et al. Detecting Plasmodium falciparum in community surveys: a comparison of Paracheck Pf\u00ae Test and ICT Malaria Pf\u00ae Cassette Test to polymerase chain reaction in Mutasa District, Zimbabwe. Malar J. 2021;20:14.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4239_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-04029-x","volume":"21","author":"M Belachew","year":"2022","unstructured":"Belachew M, Wolde M, Nega D, Gidey B, Negash L, Assefa A, et al. Evaluating performance of multiplex real time PCR for the diagnosis of malaria at elimination targeted low transmission settings of Ethiopia. Malar J. 2022;21:9.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4239_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1233","volume":"104","author":"F Markwalter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Markwalter F, Ngasala B, Mowatt T, Basham C, Park Z, Loya M, et al. Direct comparison of standard and ultrasensitive PCR for the detection of Plasmodium falciparum from dried blood spots in Bagamoyo, Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021;104:1371\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4239_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0245","volume":"97","author":"S Das","year":"2017","unstructured":"Das S, Jang IK, Barney B, Peck R, Rek JC, Arinaitwe E, et al. Performance of a high-sensitivity rapid diagnostic test for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in asymptomatic individuals from Uganda and Myanmar and naive human challenge infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017;97:1540\u201350.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4239_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-2025-3","volume":"16","author":"K Zainabadi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zainabadi K, Adams M, Han ZY, Lwin HW, Han KT, Ouattara A, et al. A novel method for extracting nucleic acids from dried blood spots for ultrasensitive detection of low-density Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections. Malar J. 2017;16:377.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4239_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03905-w","volume":"20","author":"C Salgado","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salgado C, Ayodo G, Macklin MD, Gould MP, Nallandhighal S, Odhiambo EO, et al. The prevalence and density of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections among children and adults in three communities of western Kenya. Malar J. 2021;20:371.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4239_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-3073-7","volume":"18","author":"FA Umunnakwe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Umunnakwe FA, Idowu ET, Ajibaye O, Etoketim B, Akindele S, Shokunbi AO, et al. High cases of submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum infections in a suburban population of Lagos, Nigeria. Malar J. 2019;18:433.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4239_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3314-3","volume":"18","author":"KM Oyebola","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oyebola KM, Aina OO, Idowu ET, Olukosi YA, Ajibaye OS, Otubanjo OA, et al. A barcode of multilocus nuclear DNA identifies genetic relatedness in pre- and post-artemether\/lumefantrine treated Plasmodium falciparum in Nigeria. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18:392.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"4239_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-3127-x","volume":"19","author":"B Grossenbacher","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grossenbacher B, Holzschuh A, Hofmann NE, Omar KA, Stuck L, Fakih BS, et al. Molecular methods for tracking residual Plasmodium falciparum transmission in a close-to-elimination setting in Zanzibar. Malar J. 2020;19:50.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4239_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03907-8","volume":"20","author":"M Chang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chang M, Johnston S, Seilie AM, Hergott D, Murphy SC. Application of dried blood spot sample pooling strategies for Plasmodium 18S rRNA biomarker testing to facilitate identification of infected persons in large-scale epidemiological studies. Malar J. 2021;20:391.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4239_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-10007-w","volume":"20","author":"SP Kigozi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kigozi SP, Kigozi RN, Sebuguzi CM, Cano J, Rutazaana D, Opigo J, et al. Spatial-temporal patterns of malaria incidence in Uganda using HMIS data from 2015 to 2019. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:1913.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"4239_CR41","volume-title":"Guidelines for the treatment of malaria","author":"WHO","year":"2015","unstructured":"WHO. Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. 3rd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.","edition":"3"},{"key":"4239_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4128","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02549-12","volume":"50","author":"SC Murphy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Murphy SC, Daza G, Chang M, Coombsa R. Laser cutting eliminates nucleic acid cross-contamination in dried-blood-spot processing. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50:4128\u201330.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"4239_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03385-4","volume":"19","author":"MJ Shears","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shears MJ, Seilie AM, Kim Lee Sim B, Hoffman SL, Murphy SC. Quantification of Plasmodium knowlesi versus Plasmodium falciparum in the rhesus liver: implications for malaria vaccine studies in rhesus models. Malar J. 2020;19:313.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4239_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","volume":"42","author":"PA Harris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42:377\u201381.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"4239_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","volume":"95","author":"PA Harris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Minor BL, Elliott V, Fernandez M, O\u2019Neal L, et al. The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software platform partners. J Biomed Inform. 2019;95: 103208.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"4239_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0094","volume":"100","author":"AM Seilie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seilie AM, Chang M, Hanron AE, Billman ZP, Stone BC, Zhou K, et al. Beyond blood smears\u202f: qualification of Plasmodium 18S rRNA as a biomarker for controlled human malaria infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2019;100:1466\u201376.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4239_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-1226","author":"J Matsubara","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matsubara J, Chang M, Sielie AM, Murphy SC. Flow cytometric sorting of infected erythrocytes demonstrates reliable detection of individual ring-stage Plasmodium falciparum parasites by Plasmodium 18S rRNA reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.21-1226.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-022-04239-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-022-04239-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-022-04239-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T17:06:18Z","timestamp":1657818378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-022-04239-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4239"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-022-04239-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 April 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the National HIV\/AIDS Research Committee of the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (UNCST) (Approval #: ARC 228) as well as the University of Washington Institutional Review Board (STUDY00009434). All adult participants provided written consent, while children provided assent along with written consent of a parent or guardian, per UNCST guidelines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"221"}}