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The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of LLINs integrated with IRS on the prevalence of asymptomatic and submicroscopic <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> infections in Homa Bay County.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A two-stage cluster sampling procedure was employed to enroll study participants aged\u2009\u2265\u20096\u00a0months old. Four consecutive community cross-sectional surveys for <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> infection were conducted in residents of Homa Bay county, Kenya. Prior to the start of the study, all study households received LLINs, which were distributed between June 2017 and March 2018. The first (February 2018) and second (June 2018) surveys were conducted before and after the first round of IRS (Feb\u2013Mar 2018), while the third (February 2019) and fourth (June 2019) surveys were conducted before and after the second application of IRS (February\u2013March 2019). Finger-prick blood samples were obtained to prepare thick and thin smears for microscopic determination and qPCR diagnosis of <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> genus.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> spp. infection prevalence by microscopy was 18.5% (113\/610) before IRS, 14.2% (105\/737) and 3.3% (24\/720) after the first round of IRS and 1.3% (11\/849) after the second round of IRS (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Submicroscopic (blood smear negative, qPCR positive) parasitaemia reduced from 18.9% (115\/610) before IRS to 5.4% (46\/849) after IRS (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). However, the proportion of PCR positive infections that were submicroscopic increased from 50.4% (115\/228) to 80.7% (46\/57) over the study period (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Similarly, while the absolute number and proportions of microscopy positives which were asymptomatic decreased from 12% (73\/610) to 1.2% (9\/849) (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), the relative proportion increased. Geometric mean density of <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> parasitaemia decreased over the 2-year study period (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>These data suggest that two annual rounds of IRS integrated with LLINs significantly reduced the prevalence of <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> parasitaemia, while the proportion of asymptomatic and submicroscopic infections increased. To reduce cryptic <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> transmission and improve malaria control, strategies aimed at reducing the number of asymptomatic and submicroscopic infections should be considered.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04288-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,24]],"date-time":"2022-09-24T17:02:53Z","timestamp":1664038973000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Asymptomatic and submicroscopic Plasmodium infections in an area before and during integrated vector control in Homa Bay, western Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2142-418X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Collince J.","family":"Omondi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilfred O.","family":"Otambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Odongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin O.","family":"Ochwedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antony","family":"Otieno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirley A.","family":"Onyango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Orondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benyl M.","family":"Ondeto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Chieh","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daibin","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James W.","family":"Kazura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew K.","family":"Githeko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guiyun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"4288_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-04012-6","volume":"20","author":"KO Ochwedo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ochwedo KO, Omondi CJ, Magomere EO, Olumeh JO, Debrah I, Onyango SA, et al. 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