{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T07:01:31Z","timestamp":1793948491367,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673481600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Malaria control in Liberia depends upon universal coverage with pyrethroid-impregnated long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). Despite regular mass distribution, LLIN coverage and usage is patchy. Pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors may further reduce LLIN efficacy. Durable Wall Lining (DWL), a novel material treated with two non-pyrethroid class insecticides, was designed to be installed onto the surface of inner walls, and cover openings and ceiling surfaces of rural houses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the malaria control efficacy of DWL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine if DWL has an additional protective effect in an area of pyrethroid resistance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Secondary objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare surface bio-availability of insecticides and entomological effectiveness over the study duration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cluster randomized trial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children aged 2\u201359\u00a0months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Control arm<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>50 houses per 20 clusters, all of which received LLIN within the previous 12\u00a0months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Active arm<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>50 houses per 20 experimental clusters, all of which received LLINs with the previous 12\u00a0months, and had internal walls and ceilings lined with DWL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Randomisation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cluster villages were randomly allocated to control or active arms, and paired on 4 covariates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary measure<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Prevalence of infection with\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      in children aged 2 to 59\u00a0months.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Secondary measure<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Surface bioavailability and entomological effectiveness of DWL active ingredients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      prevalence in active clusters after 12\u00a0months was 34.6% compared to 40.1% in control clusters (p\u2009=\u20090.052). The effect varied with elevation and was significant (RR\u2009=\u20091.3, p\u2009=\u20090.022) in 14 pairs of upland villages. It was not significant (RR\u2009=\u20091.3, p\u2009=\u20090.344) in 6 pairs of coastal villages. Pooled risk ratio (RR) was calculated in SAS (Cary, NC, USA) using the Cochran\u2013Mantel\u2013Haenszel (CMH) test for upland and coastal cluster pairs. DWL efficacy was sustained at almost 100% for 12\u00a0months.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings indicate that DWL is a scalable and effective malaria control intervention in stable transmission areas with pyrethroid-resistant vectors, where LLIN usage is difficult to achieve, and where local housing designs include large gable and eve openings.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Trial registration<\/jats:italic>\n                      ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02448745 (19 May 2015):\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02448745\">https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02448745<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04429-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T09:03:47Z","timestamp":1673514227000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Durable wall lining for malaria control in Liberia: results of a cluster randomized trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02448745","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"David","family":"Giesbrecht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuwuyor G.","family":"Belleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Pontarollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor S.","family":"Hinneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Pratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajid","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Allan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"4429_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1867-z","volume":"16","author":"LA Messenger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Messenger LA, Rowland M. Insecticide-treated durable wall lining (ITWL): future prospects for control of malaria and other vector-borne diseases. Malar J. 2017;16:213.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4429_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1742-y","volume":"16","author":"JJ Kuadima","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kuadima JJ, Timinao L, Naidi L, Tandrapah A, Hetzel MW, Czeher C, et al. Long-term acceptability, durability and bio-efficacy of ZeroVector\u00ae durable lining for vector control in Papua New Guinea. Malar J. 2017;16:93.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4429_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-358","volume":"11","author":"LA Messenger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Messenger LA, Matias A, Manana AN, Stiles-Ocran JB, Knowles S, Boakye DA. Multicentre studies of insecticide-treated durable wall lining in Africa and South-East Asia: entomological efficacy and household acceptability during one year of field use. Malar J. 2012;11:358.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4429_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-366","volume":"13","author":"C Ngufor","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ngufor C, Tungu P, Malima R, Kirby M, Kisinza W, Rowland M. Insecticide-treated net wall hangings for malaria vector control: an experimental hut study in north-eastern Tanzania. Malar J. 2014;13:366.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4429_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1710-6","volume":"16","author":"R Malima","year":"2017","unstructured":"Malima R, Emidi B, Messenger LA, Oxborough RM, Batengana B, Sudi W, et al. Experimental hut evaluation of a novel long-lasting non-pyrethroid durable wall lining for control of pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus in Tanzania. Malar J. 2017;16:82.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4429_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e83897","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083897","volume":"9","author":"C Ngufor","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ngufor C, Tchicaya E, Koudou B, N\u2019Fale S, Dabire R, Johnson P. Combining organophosphate treated wall linings and long-lasting insecticidal nets for improved control of pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e83897.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4429_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2002.00395.x","volume":"16","author":"K Graham","year":"2002","unstructured":"Graham K, Mohammad N, Rehman H, Nazari A, Ahmad M, Kamal M, et al. Insecticide-treated plastic tarpaulins for control of malaria vectors in refugee camps. Med Vet Entomol. 2002;16:404\u20138.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"4429_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0744","volume":"87","author":"M Burns","year":"2012","unstructured":"Burns M, Rowland M, N\u2019Guessan R, Carneiro I, Beeche A, Ruiz SS, et al. Insecticide-treated plastic sheeting for emergency malaria prevention and shelter among displaced populations: an observational cohort study in a refugee setting in Sierra Leone. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;87:242\u201350.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4429_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-3-25","volume":"3","author":"K Graham","year":"2004","unstructured":"Graham K, Rehman H, Ahmad M, Kamal M, Khan I, Rowland M. Tents pre-treated with insecticide for malaria control in refugee camps: an entomological evaluation. Malar J. 2004;3:25.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4429_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70081-6","volume":"12","author":"V Corbel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Corbel V, Akogbeto M, Damien GB, Djenontin A, Chandre F, Rogier C, et al. Combination of malaria vector control interventions in pyrethroid resistance area in Benin: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12:617\u201326.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"4429_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-65","volume":"3","author":"F Chandre","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chandre F, Dabire RK, Hougard J-M, Djogbenou LS, Irish SR, Rowland M, et al. Field efficacy of pyrethroid treated plastic sheeting (durable lining) in combination with long lasting insecticidal nets against malaria vectors. Parasit Vectors. 2010;3:65.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4429_CR12","volume-title":"Appropriate technology in vector control","author":"CF Curtis","year":"1990","unstructured":"Curtis CF. Appropriate technology in vector control. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1990."},{"key":"4429_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(02)02382-6","volume":"18","author":"SW Lindsay","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lindsay SW, Emerson PM, Charlwood JD. Reducing malaria by mosquito-proofing houses. Trends Parasitol. 2002;18:510\u20134.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"4429_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-99","volume":"12","author":"A Kampango","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kampango A, Bragan\u00e7a M, de Sousa B, Charlwood JD. Netting barriers to prevent mosquito entry into houses in southern Mozambique: a pilot study. Malar J. 2013;12:99.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4429_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5746-5","volume":"18","author":"ED Sternberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sternberg ED, Cook J, Ahoua Alou LP, Aoura CJ, Assi SB, Doudou DT. Evaluating the impact of screening plus eave tubes on malaria transmission compared to current best practice in central C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: a two armed cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 2018;18:894.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"4429_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00250-6","volume":"397","author":"ED Sternberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sternberg ED, Cook J, Alou LPA, Assi SB, Koffi AA, Doudou DT, et al. Impact and cost-effectiveness of a lethal house lure against malaria transmission in central C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: a two-arm, cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2021;397:805\u201315.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4429_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44986","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044986","volume":"7","author":"EA Temu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Temu EA, Maxwell C, Munyekenye G, Howard AFV, Munga S, Avicor SW, et al. Pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae, in Bomi County, Liberia, compromises malaria vector control. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e44986.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4429_CR18","volume-title":"Guidelines for laboratory and field testing of long-lasting insecticidal mosquito nets","author":"WHO","year":"2013","unstructured":"WHO. Guidelines for laboratory and field testing of long-lasting insecticidal mosquito nets. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013."},{"key":"4429_CR19","volume-title":"Cluster randomised trials","author":"RJ Hayes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hayes RJ, Moulton LH. Cluster randomised trials. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2017.","edition":"2"},{"key":"4429_CR20","unstructured":"R Core Team, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. 2017. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"4429_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3287-3","volume":"16","author":"G Mtove","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mtove G, Mugasa JP, Messenger LA, Malima RC, Mangesho P, Magogo F. The effectiveness of non-pyrethroid insecticide-treated durable wall lining to control malaria in rural Tanzania: study protocol for a two-armed cluster randomized trial. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:633.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"4429_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1603\/ME11098","volume":"49","author":"ML Fritz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fritz ML, Walker ED, Miller JR. Lethal and sublethal effects of avermectin\/milbemycin parasiticides on the African malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis. J Med Entomol. 2012;49:326\u201331.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"4429_CR23","first-page":"138","volume":"48","author":"PK Mittal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mittal PK, Sreehari U, Razdan RK, Dash AP. Evaluation of the impact of ZeroFly\u00ae, an insecticide incorporated plastic sheeting on malaria incidence in two temporary labour shelters in India. J Vector Borne Dis. 2011;48:138\u201343.","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"key":"4429_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60871-0","volume":"374","author":"MJ Kirby","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kirby MJ, Ameh D, Bottomley C, Green C, Jawara M, Milligan PJ, et al. Effect of two different house screening interventions on exposure to malaria vectors and on anaemia in children in The Gambia: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;374:998\u20131009.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4429_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-114","volume":"13","author":"J Zwang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zwang J, Dorsey G, M\u00e5rtensson A, d\u2019Alessandro U, Ndiaye J-L, Karema C, et al. Plasmodium falciparum clearance in clinical studies of artesunate-amodiaquine and comparator treatments in sub-Saharan Africa, 1999\u20132009. Malar J. 2014;13:114.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4429_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007204","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007204","volume":"13","author":"F Bartumeus","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bartumeus F, Costa GB, Eritja R, Kelly AH, Finda M, Lezaun J, et al. Sustainable innovation in vector control requires strong partnerships with communities. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13:e0007204.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"4429_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04333-0","volume":"21","author":"R Msoffe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Msoffe R, Hewitt M, Masalu JP, et al. Participatory development of practical, affordable, insecticide-treated mosquito proofing for a range of housing designs in rural southern Tanzania. Malar J. 2022;21:318.","journal-title":"Malar J"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-022-04429-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-022-04429-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-022-04429-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T09:05:32Z","timestamp":1673514332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-022-04429-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-022-04429-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1731150\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 June 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 December 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 January 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was granted by the University of Liberia-Atlantic Center for Research and Evaluation (PIRE) institutional review board. Verbal and written consent was obtained before participation in the survey, including entry of houses for DWL installation and epidemiological surveys. Researchers from the National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare as well as the Bomi County Health Team were involved at all stages of research design and implementation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15"}}