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The assessment of the current trends in malaria epidemiology is primordial in understanding the dynamics of its transmission and developing an effective control strategy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 6\u00a0year (2015\u20132020) prospective study was carried out in Nouakchott. Febrile outpatients with a clinical suspicion of malaria presenting spontaneously at Teyarett Health Centre or the paediatric department of Mother and Children Hospital Centre were screened for malaria using a rapid diagnostic test, microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained blood films, and nested polymerase chain reaction. Data were analysed using Microsoft Excel and GraphPad Prism and InStat software.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 1760 febrile patients included in this study, 274 (15.5%) were malaria-positive by rapid diagnostic test, 256 (14.5%) were malaria-positive by microscopy, and 291 (16.5%) were malaria-positive by PCR.\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      accounted for 216 of 291 (74.2%) PCR-positive patients; 47 (16.1%) and 28 (9.6%) had\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      monoinfection or\n                      <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2013\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      mixed infection, respectively. During the study period, the annual prevalence of malaria declined from 29.2% in 2015 to 13.2% in 2019 and 2.1% in 2020 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Malaria transmission was essentially seasonal, with a peak occurring soon after the rainy season (October\u2013November), and\n                      <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections, but not\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections, occurred at low levels during the rest of the year. The most affected subset of patient population was adult male white and black Moors. The decline in malaria prevalence was correlated with decreasing annual rainfall (r\u2009=\u20090.85;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03) and was also associated with better management of the potable water supply system. A large majority of included patients did not possess or did not use bed nets.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Control interventions based on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment should be reinforced in Nouakchott, and\n                      <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      -specific control measures, including chloroquine and 8-aminoquinolines (primaquine, tafenoquine) for treatment, should be considered to further improve the efficacy of interventions and aim for malaria elimination.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04451-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T05:38:39Z","timestamp":1673933919000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Changing epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Nouakchott, Mauritania: a six-year (2015\u20132020) prospective study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Inejih","family":"El Moustapha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jemila","family":"Deida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariem","family":"Dadina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdellahi","family":"El Ghassem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariem","family":"Begnoug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariem","family":"Hamdinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khadijetou","family":"Mint Lekweiry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Salem","family":"Ould Ahmedou Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yacoub","family":"Khalef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amal","family":"Semane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khyarhoum","family":"Ould Brahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Briolant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herv\u00e9","family":"Bogreau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Basco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"4451_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. 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The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Universit\u00e9 de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Nouakchott, Mauritania (approval no. 112\/12\u201309-2014\/USTM, 003\/2020\/CE\/UNA) and the Institutional Ethics Review Board of the Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), Marseille, France (Comit\u00e9 consultatif de d\u00e9ontologie et d\u2019\u00e9thique approval 15\/12\/2012). Informed consent, and assent when appropriate, was obtained from all participants and\/or parents\/legal guardians.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declares no competing interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"18"}}