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Consequently, outdoor biting and resting malaria vectors might elude the primary interventions and sustain malaria transmission. Varied vector biting and resting behaviour calls for robust entomological surveillance. This study investigated the bionomics of malaria vectors in rural south-east Zambia, focusing on species composition, their resting and host-seeking behaviour and sporozoite infection rates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study was conducted in Nyimba District, Zambia. Randomly selected households served as sentinel houses for monthly collection of mosquitoes indoors using CDC-light traps (CDC-LTs) and pyrethrum spray catches (PSC), and outdoors using only CDC-LTs for 12\u00a0months. Mosquitoes were identified using morphological taxonomic keys. Specimens belonging to the\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      complex and\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                      group were further identified using molecular techniques.\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      sporozoite infection was determined using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From 304 indoor and 257 outdoor light trap-nights and 420 resting collection, 1409 female\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      species mosquitoes were collected and identified morphologically;\n                      <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (n\u2009=\u2009613; 43.5%),\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      sensu lato (\n                      <jats:italic>s.l.<\/jats:italic>\n                      )(n\u2009=\u2009293; 20.8%),\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles pretoriensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (n\u2009=\u2009282; 20.0%),\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles maculipalpis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (n\u2009=\u2009130; 9.2%),\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles rufipes<\/jats:italic>\n                      (n\u2009=\u200955; 3.9%),\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles coustani s.l.<\/jats:italic>\n                      (n\u2009=\u200933; 2.3%), and\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles squamosus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (n\u2009=\u20093, 0.2%).\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                      sensu stricto (\n                      <jats:italic>s.s<\/jats:italic>\n                      .) (n\u2009=\u2009144; 91.1%) and\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles arabiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (n\u2009=\u200977; 77.0%) were the dominant species within the\n                      <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                      group and\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      complex, respectively. Overall, outdoor CDC-LTs captured more\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes (mean\u2009=\u20092.25, 95% CI 1.22\u20133,28) than indoor CDC-LTs (mean\u2009=\u20092.13, 95% CI 1.54\u20132.73). Fewer resting mosquitoes were collected with PSC (mean\u2009=\u20090.44, 95% CI 0.24\u20130.63). Sporozoite infectivity rates for\n                      <jats:italic>An. funestus, An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>An. rufipes<\/jats:italic>\n                      were 2.5%, 0.57% and 9.1%, respectively. Indoor entomological inoculation rates (EIRs) for\n                      <jats:italic>An. funestus s.s<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>An. rufipes<\/jats:italic>\n                      were estimated at 4.44, 1.15 and 1.20 infectious bites\/person\/year respectively. Outdoor EIRs for\n                      <jats:italic>An. funestus s.s.<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>An. rufipes<\/jats:italic>\n                      at 7.19 and 4.31 infectious bites\/person\/year, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The findings of this study suggest that\n                      <jats:italic>An. rufipes<\/jats:italic>\n                      may play an important role in malaria transmission alongside\n                      <jats:italic>An. funestus s.s.<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the study location.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04489-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,26]],"date-time":"2023-03-26T16:39:41Z","timestamp":1679848781000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Anopheles rufipes implicated in malaria transmission both indoors and outdoors alongside Anopheles funestus and Anopheles arabiensis in rural south-east Zambia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Kochelani","family":"Saili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiaan","family":"de Jager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onyango P.","family":"Sangoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresia E.","family":"Nkya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Freddie","family":"Masaninga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mwansa","family":"Mwenya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Sinyolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Busiku","family":"Hamainza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Chanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Fillinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clifford M.","family":"Mutero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"4489_CR1","unstructured":"Republic of Zambia MoH. 2018 Zambia National Malaria Indicator Survey 2018. 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Written permission to undertake the study was obtained from the Ministry of Health through the National Malaria Elimination Centre (NMEC) and Nyimba District Medical office. Local and traditional leadership were also informed about the purposes of the study. Participation in the study was voluntary, and informed consent was obtained from household heads and every participant above the age of 18\u00a0years. Verbal consent was obtained from household heads before routine mosquito collections.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"95"}}