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The objective of this study was to compare three different techniques: (1) collection of blood-fed mosquitoes (feeding), (2) human landing catch (HLC), and (3) CDC light trap (CDC-LT) collections for measuring the indoor protective efficacy (PE) of the volatile pyrethroid SR product Mosquito Shield<jats:sup>\u2122<\/jats:sup><\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The PE of Mosquito Shield<jats:sup>\u2122<\/jats:sup> against a wild population of pyrethroid-resistant <jats:italic>Anopheles arabiensis<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes was determined via feeding, HLC, or CDC-LT using four simultaneous 3 by 3 Latin squares (LS) run using 12 experimental huts in Tanzania. On any given night each technique was assigned to two huts with control and two huts with treatment. The LS were run twice over 18 nights to give a sample size of 72 replicates for each technique. Data were analysed by negative binomial regression.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The PE of Mosquito Shield<jats:sup>\u2122<\/jats:sup> measured as feeding inhibition was 84% (95% confidence interval (CI) 58\u201394% [Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) 0.16 (0.06\u20130.42), p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001]; landing inhibition 77% [64\u201386%, (IRR 0.23 (0.14\u20130.36) p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001]; and reduction in numbers collected by CDC-LT 30% (0\u201356%) [IRR 0.70 (0.44\u20131.0) p\u2009=\u20090.160]. Analysis of the agreement of the PE measured by each technique relative to HLC indicated no statistical difference in PE measured by feeding inhibition and landing inhibition [IRR 0.73 (0.25\u20132.12) p\u2009=\u20090.568], but a significant difference in PE measured by CDC-LT and landing inhibition [IRR 3.13 (1.57\u20136.26) p\u2009=\u20090.001].<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>HLC gave a similar estimate of PE of Mosquito Shield<jats:sup>\u2122<\/jats:sup> against <jats:italic>An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes when compared to measuring blood-feeding directly, while CDC-LT underestimated PE relative to the other techniques. The results of this study indicate that CDC-LT could not effectively estimate PE of the indoor spatial repellent in this setting. It is critical to first evaluate the use of CDC-LT (and other tools) in local settings prior to their use in entomological studies when evaluating the impact of indoor SR to ensure that they reflect the\u00a0true PE of the intervention.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04568-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T13:02:29Z","timestamp":1682773349000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["CDC light traps underestimate the protective efficacy of an indoor spatial repellent against bites from wild Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes in Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Johnson Kyeba","family":"Swai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ummi Abdul","family":"Kibondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Watson Samuel","family":"Ntabaliba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan Ahamad","family":"Ngoyani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noely Otto","family":"Makungwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antony Pius","family":"Mseka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine Rose","family":"Chura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas Michael","family":"Mascari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah Jane","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"4568_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04178-7","volume":"21","author":"A Monroe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Monroe A, Williams NA, Ogoma S, Karema C, Okumu F. 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All study volunteers were provided with Doxycycline<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> malaria prophylaxis as per Tanzania Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Malaria [] and tested weekly for malaria infection using malaria rapid diagnostic tests (SD Bioline) administered by a medical officer. No volunteers tested positive for malaria throughout the duration of this study. No adverse effects were reported among the volunteers throughout the duration of the study. Study activities were approved by the Institutional Review Board of IHI IHI\/IRB\/EXT\/No: 14-2022 and National Institute for Medical Research Tanzania (NIMR\/HQ\/R.8a\/Vol. IX\/3744).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Permission to publish this study was obtained from National Institute for Medical Research NIMR\/HQ\/P.12 VOL XXXV\/57.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors JKS, UAK, WSN, HAN, NOM, APM and SJM conduct product evaluations for companies that produce vector control products including S.C. Johnson. MRC and TMM are employed by S.C. Johnson, Inc, Racine, Wisconsin.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"141"}}