{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T11:59:12Z","timestamp":1783339152792,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695600000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Malaria is a parasitic disease caused by various species of the blood parasite\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium;<\/jats:italic>\n                      of all the parasitic diseases, malaria has the highest prevalence and mortality with an estimated 247 million cases and 619,000 deaths recorded worldwide as of 2021. Malaria causes febrile illness with several changes in blood cell parameters. Some of these changes include leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anaemia. If these changes could be correlated with the degree of parasitaemia, it can serve as a guide to physicians when treating malaria. This study was therefore aimed at correlating haematological parameters with levels of parasitaemia during malaria infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was a cross-sectional study involving 89 malaria positive patients. About 5\u00a0ml of blood was collected from each participant who gave his or her informed consent to partake in the study. A full blood count was performed on their samples to determine their haematological parameters using a haematology auto-analyzer. A parasite count was also performed via microscopy to determine the degree of parasitaemia. The data obtained from the study was entered into a database and statistically analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 and Microsoft Excel 2016.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study comprised of 89 participants out of which 35 were males and 54 were females with the mean age of 26.15\u00a0years. Secondary education participants were the highest with quaternary education the lowest. The highest parasite count recorded was 398,174 parasites\/\u00b5l of blood, lowest count was 101 with the average being 32,942.32584. There was also a significant positive Pearson\u2019s correlation between total WBC and parasitaemia and with the WBC differentials, neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes had positive correlations while eosinophils and basophils had negative correlations. Furthermore, platelets, total RBC\u2019s, haemoglobin, MCH, MCHC and Hct all showed negative correlations. Linear regression also showed a linear relationship between parasite density and the various haematological parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The linear relationship (correlation) between WBC and MCH were the only significant ones at 95% and 99% confidence interval, respectively based on a two-tail t-test. Also, based on the regression analysis, the changes caused by WBC and PLT were the only significant changes at 95% confidence level in a two-tailed t-test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04710-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T20:01:58Z","timestamp":1695585718000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Haematological parameters and their correlation with the degree of malaria parasitaemia among outpatients attending a polyclinic"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Samuel","family":"Antwi-Baffour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin Tetteh","family":"Mensah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorinda Naa Okailey","family":"Armah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samira","family":"Ali-Mustapha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Annison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"4710_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. Malaria key facts - newsroom. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2022. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/malaria."},{"key":"4710_CR2","unstructured":"Editors. Malaria. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2022."},{"key":"4710_CR3","unstructured":"WHO. \u2018About malaria\u2019. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2018."},{"key":"4710_CR4","volume-title":"Malaria control during mass population movements and natural disasters","author":"PB Bloland","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bloland PB, Williams HA. Malaria control during mass population movements and natural disasters. Washington: National Academies Press; 2002."},{"key":"4710_CR5","unstructured":"UNICEF. Ghana Fact Sheet: malaria. July 2007 situation\u2019, UNICEF Ghana. 2007."},{"key":"4710_CR6","unstructured":"Crutcher JM, Hoffman SL. Malaria. In: Baron S (ed.). Medical Microbiology. 4th Edn. Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston; 1996. Chapter 83."},{"key":"4710_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00025","volume":"5","author":"M Olivier","year":"2014","unstructured":"Olivier M, Van Den Ham K, Shio MT, Kassa FA, Fougeray S. Malarial pigment hemozoin and the innate inflammatory response. Front Immunol. 2014;5:25.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"4710_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773213Y.0000000084","volume":"107","author":"AR Mawson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mawson AR. The pathogenesis of malaria: a new perspective. Pathog Glob Health. 2013;107:122\u20139.","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"4710_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.614","volume":"65","author":"RN Price","year":"2001","unstructured":"Price RN, Simpson JA, Nosten F. Factors contributing to anemia after uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001;65:614\u201322.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4710_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1017\/s1462399409001082","volume":"26","author":"JA Rowe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rowe JA, Claessens A, Corrigan RA, Arman M. Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to human cells: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2009;26:11\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1462399409001082.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Med"},{"key":"4710_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3181eee738","volume":"68","author":"R Idro","year":"2010","unstructured":"Idro R, Marsh K, John CC, Newton CR. Cerebral malaria: mechanisms of brain injury and strategies for improved neurocognitive outcome. Pediatr Res. 2010;68:267\u201374.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"4710_CR12","first-page":"239","volume":"58","author":"TB Lathia","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lathia TB, Joshi R. Can hematological parameters discriminate malaria from nonmalarious acute febrile illness in the tropics? Indian J Med Sci. 2004;58:239\u201344.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Sci"},{"key":"4710_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.091090","volume":"3","author":"MS Desruisseaux","year":"2010","unstructured":"Desruisseaux MS, Fabiana SM, Louis MW, Herbert BT, Linnie MG. Cerebral malaria: a vasculopathy. Am J Pathol. 2010;3:1075\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"4710_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(13)60119-7","volume":"3","author":"P Wilairatana","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wilairatana P, Tangpukdee N, Krudsood S. Definition of hyperparasitemia in severe falciparum malaria should be updated. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013;3:586.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Biomed"},{"key":"4710_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmv087","volume":"62","author":"JA Bilal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bilal JA, Gasim GI, Karsani AH, Elbashir LM, Adam I. Malaria parasite density estimation using actual and assumed white blood cells count in children in Eastern Sudan. J Trop Pediatr. 2016;62:171\u20135.","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"4710_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues-da-Silva RN, Lima-Junior JDC, Fonseca BDPF, Antas, PRZ, Baldez A, Storer FL, et al. Alterations in cytokines and haematological parameters during the acute and convalescent phases of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2014;154\u201362.","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-0276140275"},{"key":"4710_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121057","volume":"10","author":"M Kotepui","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kotepui M, Piwkham D, PhunPhuech B, Phiwklam N, Chupeerach C, Duangmano S. Effects of malaria parasite density on blood cell parameters. PLoS ONE. 2015;10: e0121057.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4710_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-101","volume":"12","author":"ME van Wolfswinkel","year":"2013","unstructured":"van Wolfswinkel ME, Vliegenthart-Jongbloed K, de Mendon\u00e7a MM, Wever PC, McCall MB, Koelewijn R, et al. Predictive value of lymphocytopenia and the neutrophil-lymphocyte count ratio for severe imported malaria. Malar J. 2013;12:101.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4710_CR19","unstructured":"Brooks GF, Carroll KC, Butel JS, Morse SA, Mietzner TA. Jawetz, Melnick &Adelberg\u2019s Medical Microbiology, 26th Edn. New York, McGraw Hill Education,"},{"key":"4710_CR20","unstructured":"Jandle JH. Hemolytic anemias caused by infection of red blood cells. In: Jandle JH (ed.). Blood: Textbook of Heamatology. Boston\/Toronto. Little, Brown and Company. (2nd Edn). 1996:473\u2013501."},{"key":"4710_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5070.113914","volume":"3","author":"NK Gupta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gupta NK, Bansal SB, Jain UC, Sahare K. Study of thrombocytopenia in patients of malaria. Trop Parasitol. 2013;3:58.","journal-title":"Trop Parasitol"},{"key":"4710_CR22","first-page":"8065252","volume":"2018","author":"T Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang T, Xing Z. Local hematocrit fluctuation induced by malaria-infected red blood cells and its effect on microflow. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:8065252.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"4710_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-S3-S4","volume":"9","author":"RN Maina","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maina RN, Walsh D, Gaddy C, Hongo G, Waitumbi J, Otieno L, et al. Impact of Plasmodium falciparum infection on haematological parameters in children living in Western Kenya. Malar J. 2010;9(Suppl 3):S4.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4710_CR24","first-page":"15","volume":"2","author":"S Akhtar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Akhtar S, Gumashta R, Mahore S, Maimoon S. Hematological changes in malaria: a comparative study. IOSR-J Pharma Biol Sci. 2012;2:15\u20139.","journal-title":"IOSR-J Pharma Biol Sci"},{"key":"4710_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5954394","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5954394","volume":"2016","author":"M Al-Salahy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Al-Salahy M, Shnawa B, Abed G, Mandour A, Al-Ezzi A. Parasitaemia and its relation to hematological parameters and liver function among patients malaria in Abs, Hajjah, Northwest Yemen. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2016;2016:5954394.","journal-title":"Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis"},{"key":"4710_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70022-1","volume":"7","author":"SJ Rogerson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rogerson SJ, Hviid L, Duffy PE, Leke RF, Taylor DW. Malaria in pregnancy: pathogenesis and immunity. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7:105\u201317.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"4710_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2006.06.006","volume":"9","author":"SM Kraemer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kraemer SM, Smith JD. A family affair: var genes, PfEMP1 binding, and malaria disease. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2006;9:374\u201380.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"4710_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.11.011","volume":"37","author":"B Gamain","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gamain B, Smith JD, Viebig NK, Gysin J, Scherf A. Pregnancy-associated malaria: parasite binding, natural immunity and vaccine development. Int J Parasitol. 2007;37:273\u201383.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"4710_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2009.23","volume":"5","author":"SK Mishra","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mishra SK, Newton CR. Diagnosis and management of the neurological complications of falciparum malaria. Nat Rev Neurol. 2009;5:189\u201398.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-023-04710-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-023-04710-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-023-04710-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,19]],"date-time":"2023-11-19T12:23:14Z","timestamp":1700396594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-023-04710-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4710"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-023-04710-3","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2648495\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 March 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was sought from the Ethics and Protocol Review Committee of the School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana (SBAHS-MLS\/10575644\/SA\/2018-2019). The purpose of the study was thoroughly explained to participants, and it was made known to them that their information would be kept confidential, and they could withdraw their involvement in the study at any time. Only those who gave their informed\u00a0consent were recruited. All information obtained was used for the purposes of this research only.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"281"}}