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Specifically, <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic> is more efficient at transmitting earlier in the infection and at lower densities than <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>. Consequently, a greater proportion of individuals infected with <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> can transmit without detectable gametocytaemia. Mass treatment of livestock with macrocyclic lactones (MLs), e.g., ivermectin and doramectin, was suggested as a complementary malaria vector tool because of their insecticidal effects. However, the effects of MLs on <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> in <jats:italic>Anopheles arabiensis<\/jats:italic> has not yet been fully explored. Hence, comparative <jats:italic>in-vitro<\/jats:italic> susceptibility and <jats:italic>ex-vivo<\/jats:italic> studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of ivermectin, doramectin and moxidectin sub-lethal concentrations on <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> oocyst development in <jats:italic>An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The 7-day sub-lethal concentrations of 25% (LC<jats:sub>25<\/jats:sub>) and 5% (LC<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>) were determined from <jats:italic>in-vitro<\/jats:italic> susceptibility tests on female <jats:italic>An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic> in Hemotek\u00ae membrane feeding assay. Next, an <jats:italic>ex-vivo<\/jats:italic> study was conducted using <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> gametocytes infected patient\u2019s blood spiked with the LC<jats:sub>25<\/jats:sub> and LC<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub> of the MLs. At 7-days post-feeding, each mosquito was dissected under a dissection stereo microscope, stained with 0.5% (w\/v) mercurochrome solution, and examined for the presence of <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> oocysts. Statistical analysis was based on a generalized mixed model with binomially distributed error terms.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A 7-day lethal concentration of 25% (LC<jats:sub>25<\/jats:sub>, in ng\/mL) of 7.1 (95% CI: [6.3;8.0]), 20.0 (95%CI:[17.8;22.5]) and 794.3 (95%CI:[716.4;1516.3]) were obtained for ivermectin, doramectin and moxidectin, respectively. Similarly, a lethal concentration of 5% (LC<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>, in ng\/mL) of 0.6 (95% CI: [0.5;0.7]), 1.8 (95% CI:[1.6;2.0]) and 53.7 (95% CI:[ 48.4;102.5]) were obtained respectively for ivermectin, doramectin and moxidectin. The oocyst prevalence in treatment and control groups did not differ significantly (p\u2009&gt;\u20090.05) from each other. Therefore, no direct effect of ML endectocides on <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> infection in <jats:italic>An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes was observed at the sub-lethal concentration (LC25 and LC5).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The effects of ivermectin and doramectin on malaria parasite is more likely via indirect effects, particularly by reducing the vectors lifespan and causing mortality before completing the parasite\u2019s sporogony cycle or reducing their vector capacity as it affects the locomotor activity of the mosquito.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-04845-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T16:03:26Z","timestamp":1705593806000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In-vitro susceptibility and ex-vivo evaluation of macrocyclic lactone endectocides sub-lethal concentrations against Plasmodium vivax oocyst development in Anopheles arabiensis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Gemechu","family":"Zeleke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Duchateau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Delenasaw","family":"Yewhalaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sultan","family":"Suleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Devreese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"4845_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. 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