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The MVES is aimed at a periodical assessment of malaria vector composition and abundance, feeding and resting behaviours, and\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection in different malaria epidemiological strata to guide the NMCP on the deployment of appropriate malaria vector interventions. This work details the dynamics of malaria vector composition and transmission in different malaria epidemiological strata.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The MVES was conducted from 32 sentinel district councils across the country. Mosquitoes were collected by the trained community members and supervised by the NMCP and research institutions. Three consecutive night catches (indoor collection with CDC light trap and indoor\/outdoor collection using bucket traps) were conducted monthly in three different households selected randomly from two to three wards within each district council. Collected mosquitoes were sorted and morphologically identified in the field. Thereafter, the samples were sent to the laboratory for molecular characterization using qPCR for species identification and detection of\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections (sporozoites). ELISA technique was deployed for blood meal analysis from samples of blood-fed mosquitoes to determine the blood meal indices (BMI).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 63,226 mosquitoes were collected in 32 district councils from January 2017 to December 2021. Out of which, 39,279 (62%), 20,983 (33%) and 2964 (5%) were morphologically identified as\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      sensu lato (s.l.),\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.l., and as other\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      species, respectively. Out of 28,795 laboratory amplified mosquitoes, 13,645 (47%) were confirmed to be\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles arabiensis,<\/jats:italic>\n                      9904 (34%) as\n                      <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                      sensu stricto (s.s.), and 5193 (19%) as\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.s. The combined average entomological inoculation rates (EIR) were 0.46 (95% CI 0.028\u20130.928) for\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.s., 0.836 (95% CI 0.138\u20131.559) for\n                      <jats:italic>An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and 0.58 (95% CI 0.165\u20130.971) for\n                      <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.s. with variations across different malaria transmission strata.\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.s. and\n                      <jats:italic>An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      were predominant in the Lake and South-Eastern zones, respectively, mostly in high malaria transmission areas. Monthly mosquito densities displayed seasonal patterns, with two peaks following the rainy seasons, varying slightly across species and district councils.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles arabiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      remains the predominant vector species followed by\n                      <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.s. in the country. Therefore, strengthening integrated vector management including larval source management is recommended to address outdoor transmission by\n                      <jats:italic>An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      to interrupt transmission particularly where EIR is greater than the required elimination threshold of less than one (&lt;\u20091) to substantially reduce the prevalence of malaria infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-04849-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]],"date-time":"2024-01-19T07:02:42Z","timestamp":1705647762000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Dynamics of malaria vector composition and Plasmodium falciparum infection in mainland Tanzania: 2017\u20132021 data from the national malaria vector entomological surveillance"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Charles D.","family":"Mwalimu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samson","family":"Kiware","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary","family":"Nshama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahya","family":"Derua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pendael","family":"Machafuko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Gitanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winfred","family":"Mwafongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jubilate","family":"Bernard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basiliana","family":"Emidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Mwingira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Malima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Githu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Masanja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeromin","family":"Mlacha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Tungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bilali","family":"Kabula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Sambu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Batengana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnson","family":"Matowo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicodem","family":"Govella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prosper","family":"Chaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samwel","family":"Lazaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Serbantez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jovin","family":"Kitau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Magesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William N.","family":"Kisinza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"4849_CR1","volume-title":"World malaria report 2023","author":"WHO","year":"2023","unstructured":"WHO. 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Source Code Biol Med. 2016;11:4.","journal-title":"Source Code Biol Med"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-024-04849-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-024-04849-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-024-04849-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]],"date-time":"2024-01-19T07:04:29Z","timestamp":1705647869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-024-04849-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4849"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-024-04849-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3250104\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 August 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 January 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The work could not undergo ethical review as there was no direct involvement of humans throughout the surveillance, rather only mosquitoes were the target. The surveillance protocol underwent a critical review by the renowned local research institutions in the country including the Vector Control Technical Working Group (VCTWG) of the Ministry of Health. The surveillance was embodied in the NMCP activities under the auspices of the Tanzania Ministry of Health.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"29"}}