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This study aimed to investigate the natural presence of key transmission-blocking endosymbionts in\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles coluzzii<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Southern Benin\n                      <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The present study was conducted in seven communes (Cotonou, Porto-Novo, Agu\u00e9gu\u00e9s, Ifangni, Pob\u00e8 Athi\u00e9m\u00e9, and Grand-Popo) of Southern Benin.\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      were collected using indoor\/outdoor Human Landing Catches (HLCs) and Pyrethrum Spray Catches (PSCs). Following morphological identification, PCR was used to identify\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      sensu lato (\n                      <jats:italic>s.l.)<\/jats:italic>\n                      to species level and to screen for the presence of both\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and Microsporidia\n                      <jats:italic>. Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      sporozoite infection was also assessed using ELISA\n                      <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, species composition in\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae s.l.<\/jats:italic>\n                      was 53.7%\n                      <jats:italic>An. coluzzii<\/jats:italic>\n                      , while the remainder was\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      sensu stricto (\n                      <jats:italic>s.s.<\/jats:italic>\n                      )\n                      <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Combined data of the two sampling techniques revealed a mean infection prevalence with\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      of 5.1% (95% CI 0.90\u201318.6) and 1.3% (95% CI 0.07\u20137.8) in\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae s.s.<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>An. coluzzii<\/jats:italic>\n                      , respectively. The mean infection prevalence with Microsporidia was 41.0% (95% CI 25.9\u201357.8) for\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae s.s<\/jats:italic>\n                      . and 57.0% (95% CI 45.4\u201367.9) for\n                      <jats:italic>An. coluzzii. Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      was only observed in Ifangni, Pob\u00e8, and Cotonou, while Microsporidia was detected in all study communes. Aggregated data for HLCs and PSCs showed a sporozoite rate (SR) of 0.80% (95% CI 0.09\u20132.87) and 0.69% (95% CI 0.09\u20132.87) for\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>An. coluzzii<\/jats:italic>\n                      , respectively, with a mean of 0.74% (95% CI 0.20\u20131.90). Of the four individual mosquitoes which harboured\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , none were also infected with\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and one contained Microsporidia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The present study is the first report of natural infections of field-collected\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae s.l.<\/jats:italic>\n                      populations from Benin with\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and Microsporidia. Sustained efforts should be made to widen the spectrum of bacteria identified in mosquitoes, with the potential to develop endosymbiont-based control tools; such interventions could be the game-changer in the control of malaria and arboviral disease transmission.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-04906-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T03:01:37Z","timestamp":1710126097000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["First report of natural infection of Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles coluzzii by Wolbachia and Microsporidia in Benin: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Minassou Juv\u00e9nal","family":"Ahouandjinou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Sovi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aboubakar","family":"Sidick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilfried","family":"Sewad\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Come Zinsou","family":"Koukpo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sa\u00efd","family":"Chitou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Towakinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Adjottin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Hougbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fil\u00e9mon","family":"Tokponnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Germain Gil","family":"Padonou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Akogb\u00e9to","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louisa A.","family":"Messenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Razaki A.","family":"Oss\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"4906_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. 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Written consent to participate was sought from the heads of the surveyed households and mosquito collectors prior to their involvement. The collectors were trained to sample mosquitoes before they bit. They were vaccinated against yellow fever and regularly checked-up at the nearest health facility. In the occurrence of fever, they were immediately taken care of.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"72"}}