{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:19:38Z","timestamp":1790774378539,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714953600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u00ab\u00a0ANORYTHM\u00a0\u00bb no. ANR-16-CE35-0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00ab\u00a0ANORYTHM\u00a0\u00bb no. ANR-16-CE35-0008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u00ab\u00a0ANORYTHM\u00a0\u00bb no. ANR-16-CE35-0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00ab\u00a0ANORYTHM\u00a0\u00bb no. ANR-16-CE35-0008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u00ab\u00a0ANORYTHM\u00a0\u00bb no. ANR-16-CE35-0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00ab\u00a0ANORYTHM\u00a0\u00bb no. ANR-16-CE35-0008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The direct membrane feeding assay (DMFA), whereby gametocyte-infected blood is collected from human donors and from which mosquitoes feed through a membrane, is proving essential for assessing parameters influencing\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      transmission potential in endemic countries. The success of DMFAs is closely tied to gametocyte density in the blood, with relatively high gametocytaemia ensuring optimal infection levels in mosquitoes. As transmission intensity declines with control efforts, the occurrence of asymptomatic individuals with low gametocyte densities, who can significantly contribute to the infectious reservoir, is increasing. This poses a limitation to studies relying on the experimental infection of large numbers of mosquitoes with natural isolates of\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      . A simple, field-applicable method is presented for improving parasite infectivity by concentrating\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      gametocytes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      received one of the following 5 blood treatments through DMFA: (i) whole blood (WB) samples from naturally-infected donors; (ii) donor blood whose plasma was replaced with the same volume of\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      -naive AB\u2009+\u2009serum (1:1 control); (iii) plasma replaced with a volume of malaria-na\u00efve AB\u2009+\u2009serum equivalent to half (1:1\/2), or to a quarter (1:1\/4), of the initial plasma volume; and (v) donor blood whose plasma was fully removed (RBC). The experiment was repeated 4 times using 4 distinct wild parasite isolates. Seven days post-infection, a total of 1,095 midguts were examined for oocyst presence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Substituting plasma with reduced amounts (1:1\/2 and 1:1\/4) of\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      -naive AB\u2009+\u2009serum led to a 31% and 17% increase of the mosquito infection rate and to a 85% and 308% increase in infection intensity compared to the 1:1 control, respectively. The full removal of plasma (RBC) reduced the infection rate by 58% and the intensity by 64% compared to the 1:1 control. Reducing serum volumes (1:1\/2; 1:1\/4 and RBC) had no impact on mosquito feeding rate and survival when compared to the 1:1 control.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Concentrating gametocytic blood by replacing natural plasma by lower amount of naive serum can enhance the success of mosquito infection. In an area with low gametocyte density, this simple and practical method of parasite concentration can facilitate studies on human-to-mosquito transmission such as the evaluation of transmission-blocking interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-04969-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T11:01:33Z","timestamp":1714993293000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A simple, field-applicable method to increase the infectivity of wild isolates of Plasmodium falciparum to mosquito vectors"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Seydou Bienvenu","family":"Ouattara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domonbabele F. D. S.","family":"Hien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ek\u00f4bi\u00e9 T.","family":"Nao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prisca S. L.","family":"Par\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwige","family":"Guissou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Cohuet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Morlais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakiswend\u00e9 S.","family":"Yerbanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kounbobr R.","family":"Dabir\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Bosco","family":"Ou\u00e9draogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Mouline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Lef\u00e8vre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"4969_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057909","volume":"8","author":"K Miura","year":"2013","unstructured":"Miura K, Deng B, Tullo G, Diouf A, Moretz SE, Locke E, et al. Qualification of standard membrane-feeding assay with Plasmodium falciparum malaria and potential improvements for future assays. PLoS ONE. 2013;8: e57909.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4969_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004006067","volume":"130","author":"M Van Der Kolk","year":"2005","unstructured":"Van Der Kolk M, De Vlas SJ, Saul A, Van De Vegte-Bolmer M, Eling WM, Sauerwein W. Evaluation of the standard membrane feeding assay (SMFA) for the determination of malaria transmission-reducing activity using empirical data. Parasitology. 2005;130:13\u201322.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"4969_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.09.002","volume":"42","author":"TS Churcher","year":"2012","unstructured":"Churcher TS, Blagborough AM, Delves M, Ramakrishnan C, Kapulu MC, Williams AR, et al. Measuring the blockade of malaria transmission\u2014an analysis of the Standard Membrane Feeding Assay. Int J Parasitol. 2012;42:1037\u201344.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"4969_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90456-5","volume":"94","author":"S Bonnet","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bonnet S, Gouagna C, Safeukui I, Meunier J-Y, Boudin C. Comparison of artificial membrane feeding with direct skin feeding to estimate infectiousness of Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriers to mosquitoes. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000;94:103\u20136.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4969_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-248","volume":"7","author":"M Diallo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Diallo M, Tour\u00e9 AM, Traor\u00e9 SF, Niar\u00e9 O, Kassambara L, Konar\u00e9 A, et al. Evaluation and optimization of membrane feeding compared to direct feeding as an assay for infectivity. Malar J. 2008;7:248.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4969_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-1000","volume":"97","author":"MB Coulibaly","year":"2017","unstructured":"Coulibaly MB, Gabriel EE, Sinaba Y, Sylla D, Sacko A, Sylla L, et al. Optimizing direct membrane and direct skin feeding assays for Plasmodium falciparum transmission-blocking vaccine trials in Bancoumana. Mali Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017;97:719\u201325.","journal-title":"Mali Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4969_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2014.1628","volume":"15","author":"NL Achee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Achee NL, Youngblood L, Bangs MJ, Lavery JV, James S. Considerations for the use of human participants in vector biology research: a tool for investigators and regulators. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2015;15:89\u2013102.","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"4969_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2020.2620","volume":"20","author":"LC Harrington","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harrington LC, Foy BD, Bangs MJ. Considerations for human blood-feeding and arthropod exposure in vector biology research: an essential tool for investigations and disease control. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2020;20:807\u201316.","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"4969_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042821","volume":"7","author":"T Bousema","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bousema T, Dinglasan RR, Morlais I, Gouagna LC, Van Warmerdam T, Awono-Ambene PH, et al. Mosquito feeding assays to determine the infectiousness of naturally infected Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriers. PLoS ONE. 2012;7: e42821.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4969_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2012.07.005","volume":"28","author":"RE Sinden","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sinden RE, Blagborough AM, Churcher T, Ramakrishnan C, Biswas S, Delves MJ. The design and interpretation of laboratory assays measuring mosquito transmission of Plasmodium. Trends Parasitol. 2012;28:457\u201365.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"4969_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2012.11.004","volume":"29","author":"T Bousema","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bousema T, Churcher TS, Morlais I, Dinglasan RR. Can field-based mosquito feeding assays be used for evaluating transmission-blocking interventions? Trends Parasitol. 2013;29:53\u20139.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"4969_CR12","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"AL Ou\u00e9draogo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ou\u00e9draogo AL, Guelb\u00e9ogo WM, Cohuet A, Morlais I, King JG, Gon\u00e7alves BP, et al. A protocol for membrane feeding assays to determine the infectiousness of P. falciparum naturally infected individuals to Anopheles gambiae. MalarWorld J. 2013;4:1\u20134.","journal-title":"MalarWorld J."},{"key":"4969_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34463","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34463","volume":"7","author":"J Bradley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bradley J, Stone W, Da DF, Morlais I, Dicko A, Cohuet A, et al. Predicting the likelihood and intensity of mosquito infection from sex specific Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte density. ELife. 2018;7:e34463.","journal-title":"ELife."},{"key":"4969_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00626","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00626","volume":"2","author":"TS Churcher","year":"2013","unstructured":"Churcher TS, Bousema T, Walker M, Drakeley C, Schneider P, Ou\u00e9draogo AL, et al. Predicting mosquito infection from Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte density and estimating the reservoir of infection. ELife. 2013;2:e00626.","journal-title":"ELife."},{"key":"4969_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.12.010","volume":"149","author":"DF Da","year":"2015","unstructured":"Da DF, Churcher TS, Yerbanga RS, Yam\u00e9ogo B, Sangar\u00e9 I, Ouedraogo JB, et al. Experimental study of the relationship between Plasmodium gametocyte density and infection success in mosquitoes; implications for the evaluation of malaria transmission-reducing interventions. Exp Parasitol. 2015;149:74\u201383.","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"4969_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00051-10","volume":"24","author":"T Bousema","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bousema T, Drakeley C. Epidemiology and infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax gametocytes in relation to malaria control and elimination. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2011;24:377\u2013410.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"4969_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix1123","volume":"66","author":"FG Tadesse","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tadesse FG, Slater HC, Chali W, Teelen K, Lanke K, Belachew M, et al. The relative contribution of symptomatic and asymptomatic Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infections to the infectious reservoir in a low-endemic setting in Ethiopia. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66:1883\u201391.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"4969_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1959-9","volume":"16","author":"IJ Reuling","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reuling IJ, Stone WJR, Van De Vegte-Bolmer M, Van Gemert G-J, Siebelink-Stoter R, Graumans W, et al. Concentration of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in whole blood samples by magnetic cell sorting enhances parasite infection rates in mosquito feeding assays. Malar J. 2017;16:315.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4969_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-163","volume":"7","author":"F Santolamazza","year":"2008","unstructured":"Santolamazza F, Mancini E, Simard F, Qi Y, Tu Z, della Torre A. Insertion polymorphisms of SINE200 retrotransposons within speciation islands of Anopheles gambiae molecular forms. Malar J. 2008;7:163.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4969_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005773","volume":"12","author":"DF Hien","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hien DF, Dabir\u00e9 KR, Roche B, Diabat\u00e9 A, Yerbanga RS, Cohuet A, et al. Plant-mediated effects on mosquito capacity to transmit human malaria. PLoS Pathogens. 2016;12:1.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathogens."},{"key":"4969_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04992-z","volume":"14","author":"D Hien","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hien D, Par\u00e9 PSL, Cooper A, Koama BK, Guissou E, Yam\u00e9ogo KB, et al. Contrasting effects of the alkaloid ricinine on the capacity of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii to transmit Plasmodium falciparum. Parasit Vectors. 2021;14:479.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4969_CR22","unstructured":"Team RCRCT. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. 2022."},{"key":"4969_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066","volume":"9","author":"ME Brooks","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brooks ME, Kristensen K, Benthem KJ, van, Magnusson A, Berg C W, Nielsen A, et al. glmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling. R J. 2017;9:378.","journal-title":"R J"},{"key":"4969_CR24","unstructured":"Therneau TM. coxme: Mixed Effects Cox Models. 2022; Available from: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=coxme"},{"key":"4969_CR25","unstructured":"Fox J, Weisberg S. An R Companion to Applied Regression [Internet]. 3rd Edn. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage; 2019. https:\/\/socialsciences.mcmaster.ca\/jfox\/Books\/Companion\/"},{"key":"4969_CR26","unstructured":"Lenth RV. emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means. R package version 184\u20131. 2023; https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=emmeans"},{"key":"4969_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1999.00361.x","volume":"4","author":"CJ Drakeley","year":"1999","unstructured":"Drakeley CJ, Secka I, Correa S, Greenwood BM, Targett GAT. Host haematological factors influencing the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes to Anopheles gambiae s.s. mosquitoes. Trop Med Int Health. 1999;4:131\u20138.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health."},{"key":"4969_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/22.6.612","volume":"22","author":"H Briegel","year":"1985","unstructured":"Briegel H, Rezzonico L. Concentration of host blood protein during feeding by Anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)1. J Med Entomol. 1985;22:612\u20138.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"4969_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000074060","volume":"105","author":"J-N Shieh","year":"1992","unstructured":"Shieh J-N, Rossignol PA. Opposite influences of host anaemia on blood feeding rate and fecundity of mosquitoes. Parasitology. 1992;105:159\u201363.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"4969_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001007776","volume":"122","author":"PJ Taylor","year":"2001","unstructured":"Taylor PJ, Hurd H. The influence of host haematocrit on the blood feeding success of Anopheles stephensi\u202f: implications for enhanced malaria transmission. Parasitology. 2001;122:491\u20136.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"4969_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-45","volume":"12","author":"SN Emami","year":"2013","unstructured":"Emami SN, Ranford-Cartwright LC, Ferguson HM. The impact of low erythrocyte density in human blood on the fitness and energetic reserves of the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Malar J. 2013;12:45.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4969_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(83)90226-6","volume":"105","author":"TL Daniel","year":"1983","unstructured":"Daniel TL, Kingsolver JG. Feeding strategy and the mechanics of blood sucking in insects. J Theor Biol. 1983;105:661\u201377.","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"4969_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.46.711","volume":"46","author":"A Doubrovsky","year":"1992","unstructured":"Doubrovsky A, Battistutta D, Graves PM, Sattabongkot J. Human antibody responses to epitopes on the Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte antigen PFS 48\/45 and their relationship to infectivity of gametocyte carriers. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1992;46:711\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4969_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2010.09.008","volume":"41","author":"T Bousema","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bousema T, Sutherland CJ, Churcher TS, Mulder B, Gouagna LC, Riley EM, et al. Human immune responses that reduce the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum in African populations. Int J Parasitol. 2011;41:293\u2013300.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-024-04969-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-024-04969-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-024-04969-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T11:02:40Z","timestamp":1714993360000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-024-04969-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4969"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-024-04969-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3849913\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical clearance was provided by the national ethic committee of Burkina Faso (no. 2018\u20139-118) and the institutional committee of the Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 (no. A06-2018\/CEIRES). Prior the inclusion, signed informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of the volunteers.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors concur with the submission presented by the corresponding author.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"135"}}