{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:45:08Z","timestamp":1790016308277,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714953600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Malaria vaccine introduction in endemic countries is a game-changing milestone in the fight against the disease. This article examines the inequity in the global pharmaceutical research, development, manufacturing, and trade landscape. The role of inequity in hindering progress towards malaria elimination is explored. The analysis finds that transformational changes are required to create an equity-enabling environment. Addressing the inequity is critical to maximizing the public health impact of vaccines and attaining sustainability. Avenues to catalyze progress by leveraging malaria vaccines and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) technology are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-04972-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T17:01:53Z","timestamp":1715014913000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Leveraging malaria vaccines and mRNA technology to tackle the global inequity in pharmaceutical research and production towards disease elimination"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1460-9522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Floriano","family":"Amimo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"4972_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. Malaria vaccine: WHO position paper \u2013 March 2022. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2022;97:60\u201378."},{"key":"4972_CR2","volume-title":"WHO recommends R21\/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO recommends R21\/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023."},{"key":"4972_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-023-00373-y","volume":"3","author":"A Hamilton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hamilton A, Haghpanah F, Hasso-Agopsowicz M, Frost I, Lin G, Schueller E, et al. Modeling of malaria vaccine effectiveness on disease burden and drug resistance in 42 African countries. Commun Med (Lond). 2023;3:144.","journal-title":"Commun Med (Lond)."},{"key":"4972_CR4","volume-title":"WHO guidelines for malaria","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO guidelines for malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023."},{"key":"4972_CR5","volume-title":"Global export import trade data of 209+ countries","author":"Volza","year":"2023","unstructured":"Volza. Global export import trade data of 209+ countries. Rehoboth BCH: Volza; 2023."},{"key":"4972_CR6","unstructured":"Organisation of African Unity. Abuja declaration on HIV\/AIDS, tuberculosis and other related infectious diseases. Abuja; 2001."},{"key":"4972_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03321-2","volume":"22","author":"F Amimo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Amimo F. Malaria vaccination: hurdles to reach high-risk children. BMC Med. 2024;22:111.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"4972_CR8","volume-title":"Support for Africa\u2019s vaccine production is good for the world: robust and reliable vaccine capacity in Africa is a global public good, deserving of global support","author":"K Georgieva","year":"2022","unstructured":"Georgieva K. Support for Africa\u2019s vaccine production is good for the world: robust and reliable vaccine capacity in Africa is a global public good, deserving of global support. Washington: International Monetary Fund; 2022."},{"key":"4972_CR9","volume-title":"Expanding sustainable vaccine manufacturing in Africa: priorities for support","author":"Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance. Expanding sustainable vaccine manufacturing in Africa: priorities for support. Geneva: Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance; 2022."},{"key":"4972_CR10","volume-title":"Partnerships for African Vaccine Manufacturing (PAVM) Framework for Action","author":"Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2022","unstructured":"Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Partnerships for African Vaccine Manufacturing (PAVM) Framework for Action. Addis Ababa: Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention; 2022."},{"key":"4972_CR11","volume-title":"What is Africa\u2019s vaccine production capacity?","author":"WHO","year":"2021","unstructured":"WHO. What is Africa\u2019s vaccine production capacity? Brazzaville: World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa; 2021."},{"key":"4972_CR12","volume-title":"World malaria report 2022","author":"WHO","year":"2022","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022."},{"key":"4972_CR13","volume-title":"World malaria report 2023","author":"WHO","year":"2023","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report 2023. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023."},{"key":"4972_CR14","volume-title":"Inside Africa\u2019s drive to boost medicines and vaccine manufacturing","author":"WHO","year":"2021","unstructured":"WHO. Inside Africa\u2019s drive to boost medicines and vaccine manufacturing. Addis Ababa: World Health Organization \u2013 Ethiopia; 2021."},{"key":"4972_CR15","unstructured":"African Union. Pharmaceutical manufacturing plan for Africa. Addis Ababa; 2007."},{"key":"4972_CR16","volume-title":"Pharmaceutical manufacturing plan for Africa business plan","author":"African Union Commission (AUC) \u2013 United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)","year":"2012","unstructured":"African Union Commission (AUC) \u2013 United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). Pharmaceutical manufacturing plan for Africa business plan. Addis Ababa: African Union; 2012."},{"key":"4972_CR17","volume-title":"The pharmaceutical manufacturing plan for Africa","author":"J Byaruhanga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Byaruhanga J. The pharmaceutical manufacturing plan for Africa. Midrand: African Union Development Agency-New Partnership for Africa\u2019s Development (AUDA-NEPAD); 2020."},{"key":"4972_CR18","volume-title":"First malaria vaccine supply allocations May 2023: explanation of process and outcomes","author":"WHO","year":"2023","unstructured":"WHO. First malaria vaccine supply allocations May 2023: explanation of process and outcomes. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023."},{"key":"4972_CR19","volume-title":"BioNTech achieves milestone at mRNA-based vaccine manufacturing site in Rwanda","author":"BioNTech","year":"2023","unstructured":"BioNTech. BioNTech achieves milestone at mRNA-based vaccine manufacturing site in Rwanda. Mainz: BioNTech; 2023."},{"key":"4972_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quantoom Biosciences. Etherna Immunotherapies and Quantoom Biosciences announce a strategic collaboration for the development of a novel RNA production system. Niel and Brussels: Quantoom Biosciences; 2021.","DOI":"10.26226\/morressier.60dd99435d86378f03b413fc"},{"key":"4972_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/9789210025409","volume-title":"Trafficking in medical products in the Sahel: transnational organized crime threat assessment \u2013 Sahel","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime","year":"2023","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Trafficking in medical products in the Sahel: transnational organized crime threat assessment \u2013 Sahel. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; 2023."},{"key":"4972_CR22","volume-title":"First African-manufactured medicine to prevent malaria in pregnant women and infants quality-approved by WHO","author":"Medicines for Malaria Venture","year":"2022","unstructured":"Medicines for Malaria Venture. First African-manufactured medicine to prevent malaria in pregnant women and infants quality-approved by WHO. Geneva: MMV; 2022."},{"key":"4972_CR23","volume-title":"Corruption perceptions index 2023","author":"Transparency International","year":"2024","unstructured":"Transparency International. Corruption perceptions index 2023. Berlin: Transparency International; 2024."},{"key":"4972_CR24","unstructured":"Adeboye T, Economic and Social Council; United Nations, Economic Commission For Africa. Underdevelopment and natural resource abundance in Africa. ECA meeting of the Committee on Natural Resources and Science and Technology. Addis Ababa; 1999."},{"key":"4972_CR25","unstructured":"African Union. Stolen futures: the impact of corruption on children in Africa. Addis Ababa; 2021."},{"key":"4972_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-023-00994-x","volume":"19","author":"KA Griffore","year":"2023","unstructured":"Griffore KA, Bowra A, Guilcher SJT, Kohler J. Corruption risks in health procurement during the COVID-19 pandemic and anti-corruption, transparency and accountability (ACTA) mechanisms to reduce these risks: a rapid review. Global Health. 2023;19:91.","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"key":"4972_CR27","unstructured":"Kohler JC, Martinez MG, Petrov M, Sale J. Corruption in the pharmaceutical sector: diagnosing the challenges. London: Transparency International UK; 2016. https:\/\/www.transparency.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/publications\/29-06-2016-Corruption_In_The_Pharmaceutical_Sector_Web-2.pdf"},{"key":"4972_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40008-023-00305-y","volume":"12","author":"KJF Si\u00e9","year":"2023","unstructured":"Si\u00e9 KJF. Industrial policy and labour productivity growth in Africa: does the technology choice matter? J Econ Struct. 2023;12:10.","journal-title":"J Econ Struct"},{"key":"4972_CR29","first-page":"115","volume":"235","author":"D De Rosa","year":"2015","unstructured":"De Rosa D, Gooroochurn N, G\u00f6rg H. Corruption and productivity: firm-level evidence. Jahrb Natl Okon Stat. 2015;235:115\u201338.","journal-title":"Jahrb Natl Okon Stat"},{"key":"4972_CR30","unstructured":"The Africa Report. AU: member states complain of unfair hiring practices, internal corruption. Paris; 2023."},{"key":"4972_CR31","unstructured":"World Trade Organization. Ministerial decision on the TRIPS agreement. Geneva; 2022."},{"key":"4972_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04303-6","volume":"21","author":"MV Andrade","year":"2022","unstructured":"Andrade MV, Noronha K, Diniz BPC, Guedes G, Carvalho LR, Silva VA, et al. The economic burden of malaria: a systematic review. Malar J. 2022;21:283.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4972_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.12688\/gatesopenres.14375.2","volume":"7","author":"L Cirera","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cirera L, Sacoor C, Meremikwu M, Ranaivo L, Manun\u2019Ebo M, Arikpo D, et al. The economic costs of malaria in pregnancy: evidence from four sub-Saharan countries. Gates Open Res. 2023;7:47.","journal-title":"Gates Open Res."},{"key":"4972_CR34","unstructured":"African Union. Assembly of the African Union eighth ordinary session: decisions and declarations. Addis Ababa; 2007."},{"key":"4972_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d44148-023-00360-4","author":"D Caelers","year":"2023","unstructured":"Caelers D, Okoth D. Research funding in Africa: navigating sustainability and shifting perspectives. Nat Africa. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d44148-023-00360-4.","journal-title":"Nat Africa"},{"key":"4972_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d44148-022-00134-4","author":"P Adepoju","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adepoju P. Africa\u2019s future depends on government-funded R&D: investing in research is key pathway to development on the continent. Nat Africa. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d44148-022-00134-4.","journal-title":"Nat Africa"},{"key":"4972_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1596\/39864","volume-title":"Health financing in a time of global shocks: strong advance, early retreat","author":"C Kurowski","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kurowski C, Kumar A, Mieses Ramirez JC, Schmidt M, Silfverberg DV. Health financing in a time of global shocks: strong advance, early retreat. Washington: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank; 2023."},{"key":"4972_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.35683\/jcman1001.197","volume":"20","author":"BS Ngcamu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ngcamu BS, Mantzaris E. Anatomy and the detection of corruption in \u2018previously disadvantaged\u2019 South African universities. J Contemp Manage. 2023;20:323\u201349.","journal-title":"J Contemp Manage"},{"key":"4972_CR39","unstructured":"Varghese N. Governance reforms in higher education: a study of selected countries in Africa. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP); 2016."},{"key":"4972_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001853","volume":"4","author":"BL Hedt-Gauthier","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hedt-Gauthier BL, Jeufack HM, Neufeld NH, Alem A, Sauer S, Odhiambo J, et al. Stuck in the middle: a systematic review of authorship in collaborative health research in Africa, 2014\u20132016. BMJ Glob Health. 2019;4:e001853.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"4972_CR41","unstructured":"Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) \u2013 African Union Development Agency-New Partnership for Africa\u2019s Development (AUDA-NEPAD). Optimizing efficiency and impact in the African clinical trials ecosystem. Addis Ababa: Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) \u2013 African Union Development Agency-New Partnership for Africa\u2019s Development (AUDA-NEPAD); 2023."},{"key":"4972_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01562-6","volume":"24","author":"M Ganley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ganley M, Holz LE, Minnell JJ, de Menezes MN, Burn OK, Yew Poa KC, et al. mRNA vaccine against malaria tailored for liver-resident memory T cells. Nat Immunol. 2023;24:1487\u201398.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"4972_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01119-4","volume":"402","author":"AA Saied","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saied AA. Building Africa\u2019s first mRNA vaccine facility. Lancet. 2023;402:287\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4972_CR44","volume-title":"mRNA Technology Transfer Programme moves to the next phase of its development","author":"WHO","year":"2023","unstructured":"WHO. mRNA Technology Transfer Programme moves to the next phase of its development. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023."},{"key":"4972_CR45","volume-title":"Gates Foundation to accelerate mRNA vaccine innovation and manufacturing in Africa and globally","author":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Gates Foundation to accelerate mRNA vaccine innovation and manufacturing in Africa and globally. Seattle: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; 2023."},{"key":"4972_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-007-0433-0","volume":"122","author":"R Dahm","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dahm R. Discovering DNA: Friedrich Miescher and the early years of nucleic acid research. Hum Genet. 2008;122:565\u201381.","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"4972_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/171737a0","volume":"171","author":"JD Watson","year":"1953","unstructured":"Watson JD, Crick FH. Molecular structure of nucleic acids: a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature. 1953;171:737\u20138.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4972_CR48","unstructured":"The Nobel Assembly at The Karolinska Institutet. Scientific background 2023 \u2013 Discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. Stockholm; 2023."},{"key":"4972_CR49","unstructured":"The Economist. A growing number of governments hope to clone America\u2019s DARPA. London; 2021."},{"key":"4972_CR50","volume-title":"WHO issues its first emergency use validation for a COVID-19 vaccine and emphasizes need for equitable global access","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO issues its first emergency use validation for a COVID-19 vaccine and emphasizes need for equitable global access. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020."},{"key":"4972_CR51","volume-title":"Recommendation for an emergency use listing of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (nucleoside modified) submitted by Moderna Biotech (Spain)","author":"WHO","year":"2021","unstructured":"WHO. Recommendation for an emergency use listing of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (nucleoside modified) submitted by Moderna Biotech (Spain). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021."},{"key":"4972_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-023-00516-w","volume":"51","author":"AA El-Moamly","year":"2023","unstructured":"El-Moamly AA, El-Sweify MA. Malaria vaccines: the 60-year journey of hope and final success\u2014lessons learned and future prospects. Trop Med Health. 2023;51:29.","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"key":"4972_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/216160a0","volume":"216","author":"RS Nussenzweig","year":"1967","unstructured":"Nussenzweig RS, Vanderberg J, Most H, Orton C. Protective immunity produced by the injection of x-irradiated sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei. Nature. 1967;216:160\u20132.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4972_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2021.10.006","volume":"47","author":"L Anton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anton L, Cobb DW, Ho CM. Structural parasitology of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Trends Biochem Sci. 2022;47:149\u201359.","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"key":"4972_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03415-1","volume":"19","author":"SI Oyedeji","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oyedeji SI, Bassi PU, Oyedeji SA, Ojurongbr O, Oluwatoyin H. Genetic diversity and complexity of Plasmodium falciparum infections in the microenvironment among siblings of the same household in North-Central Nigeria. Malar J. 2020;19:338.","journal-title":"Malar J"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-024-04972-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-024-04972-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-024-04972-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T17:03:18Z","timestamp":1715014998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-024-04972-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4972"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-024-04972-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 October 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 May 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethics approval and consent to participate are not necessary because this research did not collect identifiable human material and data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"FA reports consultancy fees from the WHO.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"136"}}