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Suitable methods for investigating vector susceptibility to pyriproxyfen and evaluating its efficacy on nets need to be identified. The sterilizing effects of pyriproxyfen on adult malaria vectors can be assessed by measuring oviposition or by dissecting mosquito ovaries to determine damage by pyriproxyfen (ovary dissection).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Laboratory bioassays were performed to compare the oviposition and ovary dissection methods for monitoring susceptibility to pyriproxyfen in wild malaria vectors using WHO bottle bioassays and for evaluating its efficacy on nets in cone bioassays. Blood-fed mosquitoes of susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant strains of\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      sensu lato were exposed to pyriproxyfen-treated bottles (100\u00a0\u03bcg and 200\u00a0\u03bcg) and to unwashed and washed pieces of a pyriproxyfen long-lasting net in cone bioassays. Survivors were assessed for the sterilizing effects of pyriproxyfen using both methods. The methods were compared in terms of their reliability, sensitivity, specificity, resources (cost and time) required and perceived difficulties by trained laboratory technicians.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The total number of\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae s.l.<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes assessed for the sterilizing effects of pyriproxyfen were 1745 for the oviposition method and 1698 for the ovary dissection method. Fertility rates of control unexposed mosquitoes were significantly higher with ovary dissection compared to oviposition in both bottle bioassays (99\u2013100% vs. 34\u201359%, P\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and cone bioassays (99\u2013100% vs. 18\u201333%, P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Oviposition rates of control unexposed mosquitoes were lower with wild pyrethroid-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae s.l<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Cov\u00e9, compared to the laboratory-maintained reference susceptible\n                      <jats:italic>An gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      sensu stricto Kisumu (18\u201334% vs. 58\u201376%, P\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Sterilization rates of the Kisumu strain in bottle bioassays with the pyriproxyfen diagnostic dose (100\u00a0\u03bcg) were suboptimal with the oviposition method (90%) but showed full susceptibility with ovary dissection (99%). Wild pyrethroid-resistant Cov\u00e9 mosquitoes were fully susceptible to pyriproxyfen in bottle bioassays using ovary dissection (&gt;\u200999%), but not with the oviposition method (69%). Both methods showed similar levels of sensitivity (89\u201398% vs. 89\u2013100%). Specificity was substantially higher with ovary dissection compared to the oviposition method in both bottle bioassays (99\u2013100% vs. 34\u201348%) and cone tests (100% vs.18\u201376%). Ovary dissection was also more sensitive for detecting the residual activity of pyriproxyfen in a washed net compared to oviposition. The oviposition method though cheaper, was less reliable and more time-consuming. Laboratory technicians preferred ovary dissection mostly due to its reliability.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The ovary dissection method was more accurate, more reliable and more efficient compared to the oviposition method for evaluating the sterilizing effects of pyriproxyfen on adult malaria vectors in susceptibility\u00a0bioassays and for evaluating the efficacy of pyriproxyfen-treated nets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-04983-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T13:02:09Z","timestamp":1716555729000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Identifying suitable methods for evaluating the sterilizing effects of pyriproxyfen on adult malaria vectors: a comparison of the oviposition and ovary dissection methods"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Alesha","family":"Myers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josias","family":"Fagbohoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgine","family":"Houetohossou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Ndombidje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renaud","family":"Govoetchan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damien","family":"Todjinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corine","family":"Ngufor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"4983_CR1","volume-title":"World Malaria report","author":"WHO","year":"2023","unstructured":"WHO. 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Laboratory technicians gave\u00a0written\u00a0consent before\u00a0participating in the qualitative survey. Approval for use of animals for mosquito feeding was obtained from the LSHTM Animal Welfare Ethics Review Board (Ref: 2020\u201301). The methods described in this protocol were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"164"}}