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To date, the impact of livestock keeping on malaria transmission remains inconclusive, as some studies suggest a zooprophylactic effect while others indicate a zoopotentiation effect. This study assessed the impact of livestock management on malaria transmission risks in rural Tanzania. Additionally, the study explored the knowledge and perceptions of residents about the relationships between livestock keeping and malaria transmission risks in a selected village.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a longitudinal entomological study in Minepa village, South Eastern Tanzania, 40 households were randomly selected (20 with livestock, 20 without). Weekly mosquito collection was performed from January to April 2023. Indoor and outdoor collections used CDC-Light traps, Prokopack aspirators, human-baited double-net traps, and resting buckets. A subsample of mosquitoes was analysed using PCR and ELISA for mosquito species identification and blood meal detection. Livestock's impact on mosquito density was assessed using negative binomial GLMMs. Additionally, in-depth interviews explored community knowledge and perceptions of the relationship between livestock keeping and malaria transmission risks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 48,677 female\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes were collected. Out of these, 89% were\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      sensu lato (\n                      <jats:italic>s.l<\/jats:italic>\n                      .) while other species were\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles funestus s.l<\/jats:italic>\n                      .,\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles pharoensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles coustani,<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles squamosus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The findings revealed a statistically significant increase in the overall number of\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae s.l.<\/jats:italic>\n                      outdoors (RR\u2009=\u20091.181, 95%CI 1.050\u20131.862,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.043). Also, there was an increase of the mean number of\n                      <jats:italic>An. funestus s.l.<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes collected in households with livestock indoors (RR\u2009=\u20092.866, 95%CI: 1.471\u20135.582,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002) and outdoors (RR\u2009=\u20091.579,95%CI 1.080\u20132.865,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.023). The human blood index of\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles arabiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes from houses with livestock was less than those without livestock (OR\u2009=\u20090.149, 95%CI 0.110\u20130.178,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The majority of participants in the in-depth interviews reported a perceived high density of mosquitoes in houses with livestock compared to houses without livestock.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the potential for zooprophylaxis, this study indicates a higher malaria transmission risk in livestock-keeping communities. It is crucial to prioritize and implement targeted interventions to control vector populations within these communities. Furthermore, it is important to enhance community education and awareness regarding covariates such as livestock that influence malaria transmission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-05039-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T06:01:59Z","timestamp":1721196119000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Livestock keeping, mosquitoes and community viewpoints: a mixed methods assessment of relationships between livestock management, malaria vector biting risk and community perspectives in rural Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yohana A.","family":"Mwalugelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winifrida P.","family":"Mponzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Letus L.","family":"Muyaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herieth H.","family":"Mahenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Godfrey C.","family":"Katusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faith","family":"Muhonja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dickens","family":"Omondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred O.","family":"Ochieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel W.","family":"Kaindoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred A.","family":"Amimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"5039_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-85","volume":"12","author":"S Renggli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Renggli S, Mandike R, Kramer K, Patrick F, Brown NJ, McElroy PD, et al. 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Additionally, consent to conduct the study was sought from both, communal and individual level. Communal consent was from face-to-face discussion with local leaders about the study and request to conduct it in his village. Individual consent was by discussing with each participant about the study procedures and its implications\/importance followed by a request to participate. Those who agreed to participate were given written consent forms to fill before participating in this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Permission to publish was obtained from the National Institute for Medical Research (Ref. no.BD. 242\/437\/01B\/19).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"213"}}