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The spread of this vector into Africa further complicates the already complex malaria situation, that could put about 126 million Africans at risk of infection. Hence, this study aimed to assess the determinants of urban malaria, focusing on the role of urbanization and the distribution of <jats:italic>An. stephensi<\/jats:italic> in Eastern Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A matched case control study was conducted among febrile urban residents of Dire Dawa (malaria positive as cases and negative as a control). A capillary blood sample was collected for parasite identification using microscopic examination and an interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect additional data. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention miniature light traps (CDC-LT) and Prokopack aspirator were used to collect adult mosquito vectors from the selected cases and control houses to identify the mosquito vector species. Then, the data were exported to STATA for analysis. Conditional logistic regression was done to identify determinants, and principal component Analysis (PCA) was done for some independent variables.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study enrolled 132 cases and 264 controls from urban setting only. Of the 132 cases, 90 cases were positive for <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>, 34 were positive for <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic> and 8 had mixed infections. All cases and controls were similar with regard to their respective age and sex. Travel history (AOR: 13.1, 95% CI 2.8\u201361.4), presence of eves and holes on walls (AOR: 2.84, 95% CI 1.5\u20135.5), history of malaria diagnosis (AOR: 2.4, 95% CI 1.1\u20135.3), owning any livestock (AOR: 7.5, 95% CI 2.4\u201322.8), presence of stagnant water in the area (AOR: 3.2, 95% CI 1.7\u20136.1), sleeping under bed net the previous night (AOR: 0.21, 95% CI 0.1\u20130.6) and knowledge on malaria and its prevention (AOR: 2.2, 95% CI 1.2\u20134.1) were determinants of urban malaria infection. About 34 adult <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes were collected and identified from those selected cases and control houses and 27 of them were identified as <jats:italic>An. stephensi<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Among the cases, the dominant species were <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>. This study identified travel history, house condition, past infection, livestock ownership, stagnant water, bed net use, and malaria knowledge as determinants of infection. This study also found the dominance of the presence of <jats:italic>An. stephensi<\/jats:italic> among the collected mosquito vectors. This suggests that the spread of <jats:italic>An. stephensi<\/jats:italic> may be impacting malaria infection in the study area. Hence, strengthening urban-targeted malaria interventions should be enhanced to prevent and control further urban malaria infection and spread.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-05126-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T16:01:50Z","timestamp":1728489710000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Urban malaria and its determinants in Eastern Ethiopia: the role of Anopheles stephensi and urbanization"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Hailu","family":"Merga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teshome","family":"Degefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zewdie","family":"Birhanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ephrem","family":"Abiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Chieh","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guiyun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delenasaw","family":"Yewhalaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"5126_CR1","volume-title":"World Malaria Report 2019","author":"WHO","year":"2019","unstructured":"WHO. 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No: JUIH\/IRB\/6022). Further, permission was obtained from Dire Dawa Health Bureau and health facilities. Then, before the onset of the study, permission was sought from each study participant and written informed consent\/assent was obtained from study participants\/parents \/guardians\/ in case of participants aged below 18\u00a0years. The respondents were informed that participating in the study was voluntary and those who were no longer interested were free to opt-out anytime. To ensure confidentiality, anonymity was ensured. Those patients who were found positive for malaria were treated at the health facility.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"303"}}