{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:32:49Z","timestamp":1792801969376,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734048000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bernhard-Nocht-Institut f\u00fcr Tropenmedizin"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Children under five continue to bear a disproportionate burden of malaria morbidity and mortality in endemic countries. While the link between socioeconomic position (SEP) and malaria is well established, the causal pathways remain poorly understood, hindering the design and implementation of more targeted structural interventions. This study examines the association between SEP and malaria among children in Ghana and explores the potential mediating role of behavioural and socio-structural factors.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Data from the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) 2022 were analysed. As part of the survey, children were tested for malaria using a rapid diagnostic test (RDT), and SEP was measured using a household asset-based wealth index. Mediation analysis (MA) using a regression-based approach was performed to assess mediated effects between SEP and malaria in children under five in Ghana through housing quality, educational attainment (EA), long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) use, indoor residual spraying (IRS), and healthcare-seeking behaviour (HSB). Reported are the total natural indirect effects (TNIEs) and the proportion mediated (PM).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Of the 3,884 children included in the survey, 19.4% (757) had malaria. Belonging to a household with high SEP was associated with a 43% lower risk of malaria (Prevalence Ratio, PR\u2009=\u20090.57; 95% Confidence Interval, CI 0.46\u20130.71). Regarding indirect (mediated) effects, maternal EA of secondary school or higher (OR\u2009=\u20090.68; 95% CI 0.60\u20130.77; PM\u2009=\u200917.5%), improved housing (OR\u2009=\u20090.80; 95% CI 0.68\u20130.91, PM\u2009=\u20099.2%), LLIN use (OR\u2009=\u20090.95; 95% CI 0.90\u20130.99, PM\u2009=\u20092.1%) partially mediated the association between SEP and malaria. The combined effect of all three mediators was higher than those in a single mediator or two sequential mediators (with EA as the initial mediator) (OR\u2009=\u20090.58; 95% CI 0.51\u20130.68, PM\u2009=\u200925.7%). No evidence of mediation was observed for HSB and IRS.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We found evidence of mediation by EA, housing, LLIN use and IRS, suggesting that current biomedical and behavioural malaria control efforts could be complemented with structural interventions, such as improved housing and education. Future studies that test the effect of different or joint effects of multiple mediators based on prospective designs are recommended to strengthen the evidence.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-05204-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T16:18:59Z","timestamp":1734106739000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The mediating role of behavioural and socio-structural factors on the association between household wealth and childhood malaria in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0965-9445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa","family":"Habermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6405-015X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solomon T.","family":"Wafula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7831-8420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6057-0078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Lorenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6390-9885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dewi Ismajani","family":"Puradiredja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"5204_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0210365","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210365","volume":"14","author":"NG Anabire","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anabire NG, Aryee PA, Abdul-Karim A, Abdulai IB, Quaye O, Awandare GA, et al. Prevalence of malaria and hepatitis B among pregnant women in Northern Ghana: comparing RDTs with PCR. PLoS ONE. 2019;14:e0210365.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5204_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2700-7","volume":"18","author":"E Ricotta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ricotta E, Oppong S, Yukich JO, Bri\u00ebt OJT. Determinants of bed net use conditional on access in population surveys in Ghana. Malar J. 2019;18:63.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5204_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-161","volume":"11","author":"MC de Castro","year":"2012","unstructured":"de Castro MC, Fisher MG. Is malaria illness among young children a cause or a consequence of low socioeconomic status? Evidence from the united Republic of Tanzania. Malar J. 2012;11:161.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5204_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1425.037","volume":"1136","author":"A Teklehaimanot","year":"2008","unstructured":"Teklehaimanot A, Mejia P. Malaria and poverty. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1136:32\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"5204_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484010","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/484010","volume":"2011","author":"JN Fobil","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fobil JN, Kraemer A, Meyer CG, May J. Neighborhood urban environmental quality conditions are likely to drive malaria and diarrhea mortality in Accra, Ghana. J Environ Public Health. 2011;2011:484010.","journal-title":"J Environ Public Health"},{"key":"5204_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0164-3","volume":"5","author":"LS Tusting","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tusting LS, Rek J, Arinaitwe E, Staedke SG, Kamya MR, Cano J, et al. Why is malaria associated with poverty? Findings from a cohort study in rural Uganda. Infect Dis Poverty. 2016;5:78.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"5204_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.174","volume":"71","author":"LM Barat","year":"2004","unstructured":"Barat LM, Palmer N, Basu S, Worrall E, Hanson K, Mills A. Do malaria control interventions reach the poor? A view through the equity lens. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;71:174\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5204_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-023-01110-2","volume":"12","author":"ST Wafula","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wafula ST, Habermann T, Franke MA, May J, Puradiredja DI, Lorenz E, et al. What are the pathways between poverty and malaria in sub-Saharan Africa? A systematic review of mediation studies. Infect Dis Poverty. 2023;12:58.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"5204_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032315-021402","volume":"37","author":"TJ VanderWeele","year":"2016","unstructured":"VanderWeele TJ. Mediation analysis: a practitioner\u2019s guide. Annu Rev Public Health. 2016;37:17\u201332.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"5204_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381471","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2017.1381471","volume":"10","author":"T Awine","year":"2017","unstructured":"Awine T, Malm K, Bart-Plange C, Silal SP. Towards malaria control and elimination in Ghana: challenges and decision making tools to guide planning. Glob Health Action. 2017;10:1381471.","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"key":"5204_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0211205","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211205","volume":"14","author":"A Degarege","year":"2019","unstructured":"Degarege A, Fennie K, Degarege D, Chennupati S, Madhivanan P. Improving socioeconomic status may reduce the burden of malaria in sub Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2019;14:e0211205.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5204_CR12","volume-title":"Guide to DHS statistics","author":"SO Rutstein","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rutstein SO, Rojas G. Guide to DHS statistics. Calverton: ORC Macro; 2006."},{"key":"5204_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.1020","volume":"77","author":"MF Somi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Somi MF, Butler JR, Vahid F, Njau J, Kachur SP, Abdulla S. Is there evidence for dual causation between malaria and socioeconomic status? Findings from rural Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;77:1020\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5204_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60851-X","volume":"382","author":"LS Tusting","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tusting LS, Willey B, Lucas H, Thompson J, Kafy HT, Smith R. Socioeconomic development as an intervention against malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2013;382:963\u201372.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5204_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.353251","volume":"60","author":"R Kooko","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kooko R, Wafula ST, Orishaba P. Socioeconomic determinants of malaria prevalence among under five children in Uganda: evidence from 2018\u201319 Uganda Malaria indicator survey. J Vector Borne Dis. 2023;60:38\u201348.","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"key":"5204_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00231","volume":"8","author":"DJ McMaughan","year":"2020","unstructured":"McMaughan DJ, Oloruntoba O, Smith ML. Socioeconomic status and access to healthcare: interrelated drivers for healthy aging. Front Public Health. 2020;8:231.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"5204_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0724-1","volume":"14","author":"LS Tusting","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tusting LS, Ippolito MM, Willey BA, Kleinschmidt I, Dorsey G, Gosling RD, et al. The evidence for improving housing to reduce malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Malar J. 2015;14:209.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5204_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0117396","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117396","volume":"10","author":"H Wanzirah","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wanzirah H, Tusting LS, Arinaitwe E, Katureebe A, Maxwell K, Rek J, et al. Mind the gap: house structure and the risk of malaria in Uganda. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0117396.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5204_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03558-1","volume":"20","author":"ST Wafula","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wafula ST, Mendoza H, Nalugya A, Musoke D, Waiswa P. Determinants of uptake of malaria preventive interventions among pregnant women in eastern Uganda. Malar J. 2021;20:5.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5204_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11853","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182211853","volume":"18","author":"K Siegert","year":"2021","unstructured":"Siegert K, van Loon W, Gai PP, Rohmann JL, Piccininni M, N\u00e4her AF, et al. The effect of socioeconomic factors and indoor residual spraying on malaria in Mangaluru, India: a case-control study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:11853.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"5204_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2017.1288971","volume":"111","author":"C Ma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ma C, Claude KM, Kibendelwa ZT, Brooks H, Zheng X, Hawkes M. Is maternal education a social vaccine for childhood malaria infection? A cross-sectional study from war-torn Democratic Republic of Congo. Pathog Glob Health. 2017;111:98\u2013106.","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"5204_CR22","first-page":"115","volume":"38","author":"D Filmer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Filmer D, Pritchett LH. Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data\u2013or tears: an application to educational enrollments in states of India. Demography. 2001;38:115\u201332.","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"5204_CR23","unstructured":"Rutstein SO. Steps to constructing the new DHS Wealth Index. In: Rockville, MD: ICF Int."},{"key":"5204_CR24","first-page":"115","volume":"38","author":"D Filmer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Filmer D, Pritchett LH. Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data\u2013or tears. An application to educational enrollments in states of India. Demography. 2001;38:115\u201332.","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"5204_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czl029","volume":"21","author":"S Vyas","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vyas S, Kumaranayake L. Constructing socio-economic status indices: how to use principal components analysis. Health Policy Plan. 2006;21:459\u201368.","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"5204_CR26","unstructured":"UBOS , ICF. Uganda demographic and health survey 2016: key indicators report. UBOS, and Rockville Maryland; 2017."},{"key":"5204_CR27","unstructured":"MEASURE Evaluation, DHS MEASURE, President\u2019s Malaria Initiative, Roll Back Malaria Partnership, UNICEF, WHO. Household survey indicators for malaria control. 2013."},{"key":"5204_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78512-1","volume":"14","author":"ST Wafula","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wafula ST, Maiga-Ascofar\u00e9 O, Struck NS, Mathanga DP, Cohee LM, May J, et al. Socioeconomic disparities in Plasmodium falciparum infection risk in Southern Malawi: mediation analyses. Sci Rep. 2024;14:27290.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5204_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh090","volume":"159","author":"G Zou","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zou G. A modified poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159:702\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"5204_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031034","volume":"18","author":"L Valeri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Valeri L, Vanderweele TJ. Mediation analysis allowing for exposure-mediator interactions and causal interpretation: theoretical assumptions and implementation with SAS and SPSS macros. Psychol Methods. 2013;18:137\u201350.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"5204_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001378","volume":"32","author":"B Shi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shi B, Choirat C, Coull BA, VanderWeele TJ, Valeri L. CMAverse: a suite of functions for reproducible causal mediation analyses. Epidemiology. 2021;32:e20\u20132.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"5204_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","volume":"51","author":"RM Baron","year":"1986","unstructured":"Baron RM, Kenny DA. The moderator\u2013mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986;51:1173.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"5204_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04561-y","volume":"22","author":"JA Tetteh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tetteh JA, Djissem PE, Manyeh AK. Prevalence, trends and associated factors of malaria in the Shai-Osudoku District Hospital, Ghana. Malar J. 2023;22:131.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5204_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04919-8","volume":"14","author":"F Dao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dao F, Djonor SK, Ayin CT, Adu GA, Sarfo B, Nortey P, Akuffo KO, Danso-Appiah A. Burden of malaria in children under five and caregivers\u2019 health-seeking behaviour for malaria-related symptoms in artisanal mining communities in Ghana. Parasit Vectors. 2021;14:418.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5204_CR35","first-page":"e3097","volume":"3","author":"VN Orish","year":"2016","unstructured":"Orish VN, Ofori-Amoah J, Afeke I, Jamfaru I, Adongo DW, Amegan-Aho KH. Prevalence of malaria positive rapid diagnostic test and antimalarial treatment in patients with fevers in the accident and emergency unit of Effia Nkwanta Regional Hospital, Western Region, Ghana. Open Access Lib J. 2016;3:e3097.","journal-title":"Open Access Lib J"},{"key":"5204_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-349","volume":"9","author":"V Batwala","year":"2010","unstructured":"Batwala V, Magnussen P, Nuwaha F. Are rapid diagnostic tests more accurate in diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria compared to microscopy at rural health centres? Malar J. 2010;9:349.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5204_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03639.x","volume":"17","author":"ML McMorrow","year":"2011","unstructured":"McMorrow ML, Aidoo M, Kachur SP. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests in elimination settings\u2013can they find the last parasite? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17:1624\u201331.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"5204_CR38","unstructured":"Kempter E, Upadhayay NB. Uncovering the role of education in the uptake of preventive measures against malaria in the african population. University of T\u00fcbingen Working Papers in Business and Economics; 2022."},{"key":"5204_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2023.04.007","volume":"50","author":"SV Suiter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Suiter SV, Meadows ML. Educational attainment and educational contexts as social determinants of health. Prim Care. 2023;50:579\u201389.","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"key":"5204_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16030417","volume":"16","author":"P DeBeaudrap","year":"2019","unstructured":"DeBeaudrap P, Mout\u00e9 C, Pasquier E, Mac-Seing M, Mukangwije PU, Beninguisse G. Disability and access to sexual and reproductive health services in Cameroon: a mediation analysis of the role of socioeconomic factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16:417.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"5204_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0250550","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250550","volume":"16","author":"JBO Emina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Emina JBO, Doctor HV, Y\u00e9 Y. Profiling malaria infection among under-five children in the Democratic Republic of Congo. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0250550.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5204_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-022-01005-8","volume":"11","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Zhang WX, Tembo E, Xie MZ, Zhang SS, Wang XR, et al. Effectiveness of indoor residual spraying on malaria control: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect Dis Poverty. 2022;11:83.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"5204_CR43","first-page":"CD012688","volume":"1","author":"J Pryce","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pryce J, Medley N, Choi L. Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria in communities using insecticide-treated nets. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022;1:CD012688.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"5204_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-1263","volume":"107","author":"LM Cohee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cohee LM, Goupeyou-Youmsi J, Seydel KB, Mangani C, Ntenda P, Sixpence A, et al. Understanding the intransigence of malaria in Malawi. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2022;107:40\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5204_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04136-3","volume":"21","author":"Y Alhassan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alhassan Y, Dwomoh D, Amuasi SA, Nonvignon J, Bonful H, Tetteh M, et al. Impact of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying on self-reported malaria prevalence among women of reproductive age in Ghana: implication for malaria control and elimination. Malar J. 2022;21:120.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5204_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002234","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002234","volume":"14","author":"LS Tusting","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tusting LS, Bottomley C, Gibson H, Kleinschmidt I, Tatem AJ, Lindsay SW, Gething PW. Housing improvements and malaria risk in sub-Saharan Africa: a multi-country analysis of survey data. PLoS Med. 2017;14:e1002234.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"5204_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01609.x","volume":"11","author":"E Klinkenberg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Klinkenberg E, McCall PJ, Wilson MD, Akoto AO, Amerasinghe FP, Bates I, et al. Urban malaria and anaemia in children: a cross-sectional survey in two cities of Ghana. Trop Med Int Health. 2006;11:578\u201388.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"5204_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.103","volume":"80","author":"I Peterson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Peterson I, Borrell LN, El-Sadr W, Teklehaimanot A. Individual and household level factors associated with malaria incidence in a highland region of Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;80:103\u201311.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5204_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e83","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(18)30010-X","volume":"2","author":"JC Rek","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rek JC, Alegana V, Arinaitwe E, Cameron E, Kamya MR, Katureebe A, et al. Rapid improvements to rural Ugandan housing and their association with malaria from intense to reduced transmission: a cohort study. Lancet Planet Health. 2018;2:e83\u201394.","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"5204_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0828","volume":"92","author":"K Snyman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Snyman K, Mwangwa F, Bigira V, Kapisi J, Clark TD, Osterbauer B, et al. Poor housing construction associated with increased malaria incidence in a cohort of young Ugandan children. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;92:1207\u201313.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5204_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-319","volume":"12","author":"F Massebo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Massebo F, Lindtj\u00f8rn B. The effect of screening doors and windows on indoor density of Anopheles arabiensis in south-west Ethiopia: a randomized trial. Malar J. 2013;12:319.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5204_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29550","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029550","volume":"7","author":"MS Hsiang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hsiang MS, Hwang J, Kunene S, Drakeley C, Kandula D, Novotny J, et al. Surveillance for malaria elimination in Swaziland: a national cross-sectional study using pooled PCR and serology. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e29550.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5204_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03271-z","volume":"19","author":"A Monroe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Monroe A, Moore S, Okumu F, Kiware S, Lobo NF, Koenker H, et al. Methods and indicators for measuring patterns of human exposure to malaria vectors. Malar J. 2020;19:207.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5204_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04500-x","volume":"22","author":"D Musoke","year":"2023","unstructured":"Musoke D, Atusingwize E, Namata C, Ndejjo R, Wanyenze RK, Kamya MR. Integrated malaria prevention in low- and middle-income countries. A systematic review. Malar J. 2023;22:79.","journal-title":"Malar J"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-024-05204-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-024-05204-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-024-05204-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T18:02:09Z","timestamp":1734112929000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-024-05204-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5204"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-024-05204-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 December 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"370"}}