{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:12:49Z","timestamp":1787242369801,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"United States President's Malaria Initiative"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-025-05248-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T02:05:46Z","timestamp":1749693946000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance 1 gene polymorphisms associated with outcomes after anti-malarial treatment"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Veronika R.","family":"Laird","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateusz M.","family":"Plucinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meera","family":"Venkatesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelsey A.","family":"Rondini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milijaona","family":"Randrianarivelojosia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricette N.","family":"Andriamananjara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hawela","family":"Moonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deus S.","family":"Ishengoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arlindo","family":"Chidimatembue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Rafael","family":"Dimbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adicatou-La\u00ef","family":"Adeothy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdoul Habib","family":"Beavogui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Kariuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam L.","family":"Nsobya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aline","family":"Uwimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gauthier Mesia","family":"Kahunu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashenafi","family":"Assefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ousmane A.","family":"Koita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi W.","family":"Lucchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samaly S. Svigel","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah F.","family":"Moriarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric S.","family":"Halsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"5248_CR1","unstructured":"WHO Guidelines for malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/guidelines-for-malaria. Accessed 1 Jan 2025."},{"key":"5248_CR2","volume-title":"World malaria report 2023","author":"WHO","year":"2023","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report 2023. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023."},{"key":"5248_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01008-2","volume":"22","author":"PJ Rosenthal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rosenthal PJ, Asua V, Conrad MD. Emergence, transmission dynamics and mechanisms of artemisinin partial resistance in malaria parasites in Africa. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2024;22:373\u201384.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"5248_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30391-3","volume":"19","author":"RW van der Pluijm","year":"2019","unstructured":"van der Pluijm RW, Imwong M, Chau NH, Hoa NT, Thuy-Nhien NT, Thanh NV, et al. Determinants of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine treatment failure in Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam: a prospective clinical, pharmacological, and genetic study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19:952\u201361.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"5248_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03585-6","volume":"20","author":"A Gansan\u00e9","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gansan\u00e9 A, Moriarty LF, M\u00e9nard D, Yerbanga I, Ouedraogo E, Sondo P, et al. Anti-malarial efficacy and resistance monitoring of artemether-lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine shows inadequate efficacy in children in Burkina Faso, 2017\u20132018. Malar J. 2021;20:48.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5248_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0214","volume":"105","author":"LF Moriarty","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moriarty LF, Nkoli PM, Likwela JL, Mulopo PM, Sompwe EM, Rika JM, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of artemisinin-based combination therapies in Democratic Republic of the Congo and investigation of molecular markers of antimalarial resistance. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021;105:1067\u201375.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5248_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-04021-5","volume":"20","author":"C Ebong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ebong C, Sserwanga A, Namuganga JF, Kapisi J, Mpimbaza A, Gonahasa S, et al. Efficacy and safety of artemether-lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria and prevalence of molecular markers associated with artemisinin and partner drug resistance in Uganda. Malar J. 2021;20:484.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5248_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae425","author":"JE Laury","year":"2024","unstructured":"Laury JE, Mugittu K, Kajeguka DC, Kamugisha E, Ishengoma DS, Mandara CI, et al. Efficacy and safety of artemether-lumefantrine against uncomplicated falciparum malaria infection in Tanzania, 2022: a Single-Arm Clinical Trial. J Infect Dis. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiae425.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5248_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis747","volume":"207","author":"M Malmberg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Malmberg M, Ferreira PE, Tarning J, Ursing J, Ngasala B, Bj\u00f6rkman A, et al. Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance phenotype as assessed by patient antimalarial drug levels and its association with pfmdr1 polymorphisms. J Infect Dis. 2013;207:842\u20137.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5248_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0031","volume":"91","author":"M Venkatesan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Venkatesan M, Gadalla NB, Stepniewska K, Dahal P, Nsanzabana C, Moriera C, et al. Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter and multidrug resistance 1 genes: parasite risk factors that affect treatment outcomes for P. falciparum malaria after artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;91:833\u201343.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5248_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1503-3","volume":"15","author":"SD Otienoburu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Otienoburu SD, Ma\u00efga-Ascofar\u00e9 O, Schramm B, Jullien V, Jones JJ, Zolia YM, et al. Selection of Plasmodium falciparum pfcrt and pfmdr1 polymorphisms after treatment with artesunate\u2013amodiaquine fixed dose combination or artemether\u2013lumefantrine in Liberia. Malar J. 2016;15:452.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5248_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01843.x","volume":"12","author":"C Sisowath","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sisowath C, Ferreira PE, Bustamante LY, Dahlstr\u00f6m S, M\u00e5rtensson A, Bj\u00f6rkman A, et al. The role of pfmdr1 in Plasmodium falciparum tolerance to artemether-lumefantrine in Africa. Trop Med Int Health. 2007;12:736\u201342.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"5248_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.155","volume":"75","author":"CT Happi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Happi CT, Gbotosho GO, Folarin OA, Bolaji OM, Sowunmi A, Kyle DE, et al. Association between mutations in Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter and P. falciparum multidrug resistance 1 genes and in vivo amodiaquine resistance in P. falciparum malaria-infected children in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006;75:155\u201361.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5248_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir486","volume":"204","author":"FN Baliraine","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baliraine FN, Rosenthal PJ. Prolonged selection of pfmdr1 polymorphisms after treatment of falciparum malaria with artemether-lumefantrine in Uganda. J Infect Dis. 2011;204:1120\u20134.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5248_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6057","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22116057","volume":"22","author":"H Maiga","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maiga H, Grivoyannis A, Sagara I, Traore K, Traore OB, Tolo Y, et al. Selection of pfcrt K76 and pfmdr1 N86 coding alleles after uncomplicated malaria treatment by artemether-lumefantrine in Mali. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:6057.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"5248_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-9","volume":"7","author":"NJ White","year":"2008","unstructured":"White NJ. How antimalarial drug resistance affects post-treatment prophylaxis. Malar J. 2008;7:9.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5248_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1086\/503423","volume":"42","author":"RN Price","year":"2006","unstructured":"Price RN, Uhlemann A-C, van Vugt M, Brockman A, Hutagalung R, Nair S, et al. Molecular and pharmacological determinants of the therapeutic response to artemether-lumefantrine in multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:1570\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"5248_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-11","volume":"8","author":"P Lim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lim P, Alker AP, Khim N, Shah NK, Incardona S, Doung S, et al. Pfmdr1 copy number and arteminisin derivatives combination therapy failure in falciparum malaria in Cambodia. Malar J. 2009;8:11.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5248_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2313.170366","volume":"23","author":"ES Halsey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Halsey ES, Venkatesan M, Plucinski MM, Talundzic E, Lucchi NW, Zhou Z, et al. Capacity development through the US President\u2019s Malaria Initiative\u2013supported antimalarial resistance monitoring in Africa network. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23:S53\u20136.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"5248_CR20","volume-title":"Methods for surveillance of antimalarial drug efficacy","author":"WHO","year":"2009","unstructured":"WHO. Methods for surveillance of antimalarial drug efficacy. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009."},{"key":"5248_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6096","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00072-15","volume":"59","author":"MM Plucinski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Plucinski MM, Morton L, Bushman M, Dimbu PR, Udhayakumar V. Robust algorithm for systematic classification of malaria late treatment failures as recrudescence or reinfection using microsatellite genotyping. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:6096\u2013100.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"5248_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.836","volume":"75","author":"B Greenhouse","year":"2006","unstructured":"Greenhouse B, Myrick A, Dokomajilar C, Woo JM, Carlson EJ, Rosenthal PJ, et al. Validation of microsatellite markers for use in genotyping polyclonal Plasmodium falciparum infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006;75:836\u201342.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5248_CR23","unstructured":"Medicines for Malaria Venture, WHO. Methods and techniques for clinical trials on antimalarial drug efficacy\u202f: genotyping to identify parasite populations\u202f: informal consultation organized by the Medicines for Malaria Venture and cosponsored by the World Health Organization, 29\u201331 May 2007, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/43824. Accessed 1 Jan 2025."},{"key":"5248_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151565","volume":"11","author":"P Sondo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sondo P, Derra K, Nakanabo SD, Tarnagda Z, Kazienga A, Zampa O, et al. Artesunate-amodiaquine and artemether-lumefantrine therapies and selection of pfcrt and pfmdr1 alleles in Nanoro, Burkina Faso. PLoS ONE. 2016;11: e0151565.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5248_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu141","volume":"210","author":"MD Conrad","year":"2014","unstructured":"Conrad MD, LeClair N, Arinaitwe E, Wanzira H, Kakuru A, Bigira V, et al. Comparative impacts over 5 years of artemisinin-based combination therapies on Plasmodium falciparum polymorphisms that modulate drug sensitivity in Ugandan children. J Infect Dis. 2014;210:344\u201353.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5248_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682221110527","volume":"12","author":"JR Dettori","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dettori JR, Norvell DC, Chapman JR. Fixed-effect vs random-effects models for meta-analysis: 3 points to consider. Glob Spine J. 2022;12:1624.","journal-title":"Glob Spine J"},{"key":"5248_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.69.184","volume":"69","author":"EO Ochong","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ochong EO, van den Broek IVF, Keus K, Nzila A. Association between chloroquine and amodiaquine resistance and allelic variation in the Plasmodium falciparum multiple drug resistance 1 gene and the chloroquine resistance transporter gene in isolates from the upper Nile in southern Sudan. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003;69:184\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5248_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01995.x","volume":"13","author":"H Tinto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tinto H, Guekoun L, Zongo I, Guiguemd\u00e9 RT, D\u2019Alessandro U, Ou\u00e9draogo JB. Chloroquine-resistance molecular markers (Pfcrt T76 and Pfmdr-1 Y86) and amodiaquine resistance in Burkina Faso. Trop Med Int Health. 2008;13:238\u201340.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"5248_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-89","volume":"8","author":"S Picot","year":"2009","unstructured":"Picot S, Olliaro P, de Monbrison F, Bienvenu A-L, Price RN, Ringwald P. A systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence for correlation between molecular markers of parasite resistance and treatment outcome in falciparum malaria. Malar J. 2009;8:89.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5248_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2005.09.001","volume":"6","author":"G Holmgren","year":"2006","unstructured":"Holmgren G, Gil JP, Ferreira PM, Veiga MI, Obonyo CO, Bj\u00f6rkman A. Amodiaquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in vivo is associated with selection of pfcrt 76T and pfmdr1 86Y. Infect Genet Evol. 2006;6:309\u201314.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"5248_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.78.455","volume":"78","author":"AA Djimd\u00e9","year":"2008","unstructured":"Djimd\u00e9 AA, Fofana B, Sagara I, Sidibe B, Toure S, Dembele D, et al. Efficacy, safety, and selection of molecular markers of drug resistance by two ACTs in Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;78:455\u201361.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"5248_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182096008487","volume":"114","author":"MT Duraisingh","year":"1997","unstructured":"Duraisingh MT, Drakeley CJ, Muller O, Bailey R, Snounou G, Targett GA, et al. Evidence for selection for the tyrosine-86 allele of the pfmdr 1 gene of Plasmodium falciparum by chloroquine and amodiaquine. Parasitology. 1997;114(Pt 3):205\u201311.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"5248_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu142","volume":"210","author":"SM Taylor","year":"2014","unstructured":"Taylor SM, Juliano JJ. Artemisinin combination therapies and malaria parasite drug resistance: the game is afoot. J Infect Dis. 2014;210:335\u20137.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5248_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00875-06","volume":"51","author":"GS Humphreys","year":"2007","unstructured":"Humphreys GS, Merinopoulos I, Ahmed J, Whitty CJM, Mutabingwa TK, Sutherland CJ, et al. Amodiaquine and artemether-lumefantrine select distinct alleles of the Plasmodium falciparum mdr1 gene in Tanzanian children treated for uncomplicated malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51:991\u20137.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"5248_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1086\/427997","volume":"191","author":"C Sisowath","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sisowath C, Str\u00f6mberg J, M\u00e5rtensson A, Msellem M, Obondo C, Bj\u00f6rkman A, et al. In vivo selection of Plasmodium falciparum pfmdr1 86N coding alleles by artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem). J Infect Dis. 2005;191:1014\u20137.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5248_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.5.1893-1895.2006","volume":"50","author":"C Dokomajilar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dokomajilar C, Nsobya SL, Greenhouse B, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G. Selection of Plasmodium falciparum pfmdr1 alleles following therapy with artemether-lumefantrine in an area of Uganda where malaria is highly endemic. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50:1893\u20135.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"5248_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01413-09","volume":"54","author":"AF Som\u00e9","year":"2010","unstructured":"Som\u00e9 AF, S\u00e9r\u00e9 YY, Dokomajilar C, Zongo I, Rouamba N, Greenhouse B, et al. Selection of known Plasmodium falciparum resistance-mediating polymorphisms by artemether-lumefantrine and amodiaquine- sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine but not dihydroartemisinin- piperaquine in Burkina Faso. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54:1949\u201354.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"5248_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5408","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05102-11","volume":"55","author":"NB Gadalla","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gadalla NB, Adam I, Elzaki S-E, Bashir S, Mukhtar I, Oguike M, et al. Increased pfmdr1 copy number and sequence polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Sudanese malaria patients treated with artemether-lumefantrine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55:5408\u201311.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"5248_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00968-08","volume":"53","author":"CT Happi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Happi CT, Gbotosho GO, Folarin OA, Sowunmi A, Hudson T, O\u2019Neil M, et al. Selection of Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance gene 1 alleles in asexual stages and gametocytes by artemether-lumefantrine in Nigerian children with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53:888\u201395.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"5248_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.01.003","volume":"11","author":"JB Lekana-Douki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lekana-Douki JB, Dinzouna Boutamba SD, Zatra R, Zang Edou SE, Ekomy H, Bisvigou U, et al. Increased prevalence of the Plasmodium falciparum Pfmdr1 86N genotype among field isolates from Franceville, Gabon after replacement of chloroquine by artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-mefloquine. Infect Genet Evol. 2011;11:512\u20137.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"5248_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03647-14","volume":"59","author":"V Baraka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baraka V, Tinto H, Valea I, Fitzhenry R, Delgado-Ratto C, Mbonye MK, et al. In vivo selection of Plasmodium falciparum Pfcrt and Pfmdr1 variants by artemether-lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in Burkina Faso. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:734\u20137.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"5248_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04284-6","volume":"21","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Gimnig JE, Sergent SB, Liu Y, Abong\u2019o B, Otieno K, et al. Temporal trends in molecular markers of drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum in human blood and profiles of corresponding resistant markers in mosquito oocysts in Asembo, western Kenya. Malar J. 2022;21:265.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5248_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.08.013","volume":"120","author":"OA Folarin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Folarin OA, Bustamante C, Gbotosho GO, Sowunmi A, Zalis MG, Oduola AMJ, et al. In vitro amodiaquine resistance and its association with mutations in pfcrt and pfmdr1 genes of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Nigeria. Acta Trop. 2011;120:224\u201330.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"5248_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw388","volume":"63","author":"AP Phyo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Phyo AP, Ashley EA, Anderson TJC, Bozdech Z, Carrara VI, Sriprawat K, et al. Declining efficacy of artemisinin combination therapy against P. falciparum malaria on the Thai\u2013Myanmar Border (2003\u20132013): the role of parasite genetic factors. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63:784.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"5248_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04181-14","volume":"59","author":"MM Plucinski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Plucinski MM, Talundzic E, Morton L, Dimbu PR, Macaia AP, Fortes F, et al. Efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in children in Zaire and U\u00edge Provinces, Angola. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:437\u201343.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"5248_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2233-5","volume":"17","author":"D Ljolje","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ljolje D, Dimbu PR, Kelley J, Goldman I, Nace D, Macaia A, et al. Prevalence of molecular markers of artemisinin and lumefantrine resistance among patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in three provinces in Angola, 2015. Malar J. 2018;17:84.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5248_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2290-9","volume":"17","author":"E Davlantes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Davlantes E, Dimbu PR, Ferreira CM, Florinda Joao M, Pode D, F\u00e9lix J, et al. Efficacy and safety of artemether\u2013lumefantrine, artesunate\u2013amodiaquine, and dihydroartemisinin\u2013piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in three provinces in Angola, 2017. Malar J. 2018;17:144.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5248_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2730-1","volume":"18","author":"DS Ishengoma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ishengoma DS, Mandara CI, Francis F, Talundzic E, Lucchi NW, Ngasala B, et al. Efficacy and safety of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria and prevalence of Pfk13 and Pfmdr1 polymorphisms after a decade of using artemisinin-based combination therapy in mainland Tanzania. Malar J. 2019;18:88.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5248_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2707.203230","volume":"27","author":"SE Schmedes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schmedes SE, Patel D, Dhal S, Kelley J, Svigel SS, Dimbu PR, et al. Plasmodium falciparum kelch 13 Mutations, 9 Countries in Africa, 2014\u20132018. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27:1902.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"5248_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04350-z","volume":"21","author":"A Assefa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Assefa A, Mohammed H, Anand A, Abera A, Sime H, Minta AA, et al. Therapeutic efficacies of artemether-lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum and chloroquine and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax infection in Ethiopia. Malar J. 2022;21:359.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5248_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01949","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01949-20","volume":"65","author":"PR Dimbu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dimbu PR, Horth R, C\u00e2ndido ALM, Ferreira CM, Caquece F, Garcia LEA, et al. Continued low efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine in Angola in 2019. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2021;65:e01949-e2020.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"5248_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03935-4","volume":"20","author":"CM Dentinger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dentinger CM, Rakotomanga TA, Rakotondrandriana A, Rakotoarisoa A, Rason MA, Moriarty LF, et al. Efficacy of artesunate-amodiaquine and artemether-lumefantrine for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Madagascar, 2018. Malar J. 2021;20:432.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5248_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03930-9","volume":"20","author":"A Chidimatembue","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chidimatembue A, Svigel SS, Mayor A, A\u00edde P, Nhama A, Nhamussua L, et al. Molecular surveillance for polymorphisms associated with artemisinin-based combination therapy resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolates collected in Mozambique, 2018. Malar J. 2021;20:398.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5248_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00142-0","volume":"21","author":"A Uwimana","year":"2021","unstructured":"Uwimana A, Umulisa N, Venkatesan M, Svigel SS, Zhou Z, Munyaneza T, et al. Association of Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 R561H genotypes with delayed parasite clearance in Rwanda: an open-label, single-arm, multicentre, therapeutic efficacy study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21:1120\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"5248_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04729.x","volume":"57","author":"ABS Sidhu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sidhu ABS, Valderramos SG, Fidock DA. pfmdr1 mutations contribute to quinine resistance and enhance mefloquine and artemisinin sensitivity in Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Microbiol. 2005;57:913\u201326.","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"5248_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11553","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11553","volume":"7","author":"MI Veiga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Veiga MI, Dhingra SK, Henrich PP, Straimer J, Gn\u00e4dig N, Uhlemann A-C, et al. Globally prevalent PfMDR1 mutations modulate Plasmodium falciparum susceptibility to artemisinin-based combination therapies. Nat Commun. 2016;7:11553.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"5248_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e701","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00155-0","volume":"3","author":"OJ Watson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Watson OJ, Gao B, Nguyen TD, Tran TN-A, Penny MA, Smith DL, et al. Pre-existing partner-drug resistance to artemisinin combination therapies facilitates the emergence and spread of artemisinin resistance: a consensus modelling study. Lancet Microbe. 2022;3:e701\u201310.","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"5248_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2101746","volume":"385","author":"B Balikagala","year":"2021","unstructured":"Balikagala B, Fukuda N, Ikeda M, Katuro OT, Tachibana S-I, Yamauchi M, et al. Evidence of artemisinin-resistant malaria in Africa. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:1163\u201371.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5248_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.01.31.24301954v1","author":"DS Ishengoma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ishengoma DS, Mandara CI, Bakari C, Fola AA, Madebe RA, Seth MD, et al. Evidence of artemisinin partial resistance in North-western Tanzania: clinical and drug resistance markers study. medRxiv. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.01.31.24301954v1.","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"5248_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01461-4","volume":"8","author":"AA Fola","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fola AA, Feleke SM, Mohammed H, Brhane BG, Hennelly CM, Assefa A, et al. Plasmodium falciparum resistant to artemisinin and diagnostics have emerged in Ethiopia. Nat Microbiol. 2023;8:1911\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"5248_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001984","volume":"13","author":"MF Boni","year":"2016","unstructured":"Boni MF, White NJ, Baird JK. The community as the patient in malaria-endemic areas: preempting drug resistance with multiple first-line therapies. PLoS Med. 2016;13: e1001984.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"5248_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00692-7","volume":"22","author":"TJ Peto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peto TJ, Tripura R, Callery JJ, Lek D, Nghia HDT, Nguon C, et al. Triple therapy with artemether-lumefantrine plus amodiaquine versus artemether-lumefantrine alone for artemisinin-resistant, uncomplicated falciparum malaria: an open-label, randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22:867\u201378.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"5248_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041896","DOI":"10.3389\/fepid.2022.1041896","volume":"2","author":"MF Boni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boni MF. Breaking the cycle of malaria treatment failure. Front Epidemiol. 2022;2:1041896.","journal-title":"Front Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05248-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05248-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05248-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T03:05:13Z","timestamp":1749697513000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05248-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05248-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of any collaborating institute including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the US Agency for International Development.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimer"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"186"}}