{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T11:52:07Z","timestamp":1788868327057,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-025-05256-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T16:29:07Z","timestamp":1737390547000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Comparative performance of microscopy, rapid diagnostic tests, and multiplex real-time PCR for detection of malaria parasites among pregnant women in northwest Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Zemenu","family":"Tamir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abebe","family":"Animut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sisay","family":"Dugassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Araya","family":"Gebresilassie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahlet","family":"Belachew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adugna","family":"Abera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berhanu","family":"Erko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"5256_CR1","volume-title":"World malaria report 2023","author":"WHO","year":"2023","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report 2023. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023."},{"key":"5256_CR2","unstructured":"CDC. Malaria: Malaria's Impact Worldwide 2024. 2024. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/malaria\/php\/impact\/index.html. Accessed 1 Aug 2024."},{"key":"5256_CR3","unstructured":"Ethiopian Public Health Institute. Ethiopia National Malaria Indicator Survey 2015. Ethiopia, Addis Ababa; 2016."},{"key":"5256_CR4","unstructured":"Ministry of Health-Ethiopia. National malaria elimination strategic plan: 2021\u20132025. Towards a malaria free Ethiopia. Addis Ababa; 2020."},{"key":"5256_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06243-3","volume":"17","author":"T Ashine","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ashine T, Eyasu A, Asmamaw Y, Simma E, Zemene E, Epstein A, et al. Spatiotemporal distribution and bionomics of Anopheles stephensi in different eco-epidemiological settings in Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors. 2024;17:166.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5256_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752852","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/752852","volume":"2013","author":"E Sappenfield","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sappenfield E, Jamieson DJ, Kourtis AP. Pregnancy and susceptibility to infectious diseases. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2013;2013:752852.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"5256_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.02.006","volume":"23","author":"JF Friedman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Friedman JF, Mital P, Kanzaria HK, Olds GR, Kurtis JD. Schistosomiasis and pregnancy. Trends Parasitol. 2007;23:159\u201364.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"5256_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac025","volume":"225","author":"MA Barry","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barry MA, Colt S, Vargas Z, Barry CV, Tallo V, Sagliba MJ, et al. Impaired Intrauterine growth in the context of maternal hookworm infection during gestation. J Infect Dis. 2022;225:1856\u201360.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5256_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1086\/374878","volume":"187","author":"RD Newman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Newman RD, Nahlen BL, Hailemariam A, Jimma D, Degifie A, Kebede D, et al. Burden of malaria during pregnancy in areas of stable and unstable transmission in Ethiopia during a nonepidemic year. J Infect Dis. 2003;187:1765\u201372.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5256_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02111.x","volume":"13","author":"H Tagbor","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tagbor H, Bruce J, Browne E, Greenwood B, Chandramohan D. Malaria in pregnancy in an area of stable and intense transmission: is it asymptomatic? Trop Med Int Health. 2008;13:1016\u201321.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"5256_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ122","volume":"60","author":"G Cottrell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cottrell G, Moussiliou A, Luty AJ, Cot M, Fievet N, Massougbodji A, et al. Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum infections are associated with maternal anemia, premature births, and low birth weight. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60:1481\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"5256_CR12","unstructured":"Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health. National Malaria Programme Monitoring and Evaluation Plan 2014\u20132020. Ethiopia, Addis Ababa; 2014."},{"key":"5256_CR13","unstructured":"Ethiopian Public Health Institute. Introducing intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy for Ethiopia: evidence brief. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2019. https:\/\/ephi.gov.et\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/Evidence-brief-on-ITTp-22-2.pdf. Accessd 20 Sept 2024."},{"key":"5256_CR14","unstructured":"Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health. National Malaria Guideline. 4th edn. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 2017."},{"key":"5256_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-00962-4","volume":"6","author":"SM Feleke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feleke SM, Reichert EN, Mohammed H, Brhane BG, Mekete K, Mamo H, et al. Plasmodium falciparum is evolving to escape malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Ethiopia. Nat Microbiol. 2021;6:1289\u201399.","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"5256_CR16","volume-title":"Universal access to malaria diagnostic testing: an operational manual","author":"WHO","year":"2013","unstructured":"WHO. Universal access to malaria diagnostic testing: an operational manual. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013."},{"key":"5256_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01800-09","volume":"48","author":"SM Taylor","year":"2010","unstructured":"Taylor SM, Juliano JJ, Trottman PA, Griffin JB, Landis SH, Kitsa P, et al. High-throughput pooling and real-time PCR-based strategy for malaria detection. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:512\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"5256_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-284","volume":"8","author":"K Khairnar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Khairnar K, Martin D, Lau R, Ralevski F, Pillai DR. Multiplex real-time quantitative PCR, microscopy and rapid diagnostic immuno-chromatographic tests for the detection of Plasmodium spp: performance, limit of detection analysis and quality assurance. Malar J. 2009;8:284.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5256_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-509","volume":"13","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Mitchell RM, Gutman J, Wiegand RE, Mwandama DA, Mathanga DP, et al. Pooled PCR testing strategy and prevalence estimation of submicroscopic infections using Bayesian latent class models in pregnant women receiving intermittent preventive treatment at Machinga District Hospital, Malawi, 2010. Malar J. 2014;13:509.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5256_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04068-y","volume":"21","author":"A Amare","year":"2022","unstructured":"Amare A, Eshetu T, Lemma W. Dry-season transmission and determinants of Plasmodium infections in Jawi district, northwest Ethiopia. Malar J. 2022;21:45.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5256_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04803-z","volume":"22","author":"Z Tamir","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tamir Z, Animut A, Dugassa S, Belachew M, Abera A, Tsegaye A, et al. Plasmodium infections and associated risk factors among parturients in Jawi district, northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Malar J. 2023;22:367.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5256_CR22","unstructured":"Zaidi SMH, Waseem HF, Ansari FA, Irfan M, Fahim S. Sample size estimation of diagnostic test studies in health sciences. In: Proc 14th International Conference on Statistical Sciences; Karachi, Pakistan. 2016. pp. 239\u201346."},{"key":"5256_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09369-y","volume":"2","author":"A Tilahun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tilahun A, Yimer M, Gelaye W, Tegegne B, Endalamaw D, Estifanos F, et al. Comparison of malaria diagnostic methods for detection of asymptomatic Plasmodium infections among pregnant women in northwest Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2024;2:492.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"5256_CR24","volume-title":"Methods manual: microscopy for the detection, identification and quantification of malaria parasites on stained thick and thin blood films: procedure","author":"WHO","year":"2015","unstructured":"WHO. Methods manual: microscopy for the detection, identification and quantification of malaria parasites on stained thick and thin blood films: procedure. Geneva: World health Organization; 2015."},{"key":"5256_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04635-x","volume":"22","author":"A Abebe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abebe A, Menard D, Dugassa S, Assefa A, Juliano JJ, Lo E, et al. Significant number of Plasmodium vivax mono-infections by PCR misidentified as mixed infections (P. vivax\/P. falciparum) by microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests: malaria diagnostic challenges in Ethiopia. Malar J. 2023;22:201.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5256_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-04029-x","volume":"21","author":"M Belachew","year":"2022","unstructured":"Belachew M, Wolde M, Nega D, Gidey B, Negash L, Assefa A, et al. Evaluating performance of multiplex real time PCR for the diagnosis of malaria at elimination targeted low transmission settings of Ethiopia. Malar J. 2022;21:9.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"3","key":"5256_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/85.3.257","volume":"85","author":"CCW Julius Sim","year":"2005","unstructured":"Julius Sim CCW. The kappa statistic in reliability studies: use, interpretation, and sample size requirements. Phys Ther. 2005;85(3):257\u201368.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"5256_CR28","volume-title":"Evidence Review Group on malaria diagnosis in low transmission settings","author":"WHO","year":"2014","unstructured":"WHO. Evidence Review Group on malaria diagnosis in low transmission settings. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014."},{"key":"5256_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.12.98","volume":"10","author":"M Fried","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fried M, Muehlenbachs A, Duffy PE. Diagnosing malaria in pregnancy: an update. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2012;10:1177\u201387.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"5256_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11050736","volume":"11","author":"SA Sazed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sazed SA, Kibria MG, Alam MS. An optimized real-time qPCR method for the effective detection of human malaria infections. Diagnostics. 2021;11:736.","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"5256_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S86","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16039","volume":"528","author":"L Wu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu L, van den Hoogen LL, Slater H, Walker PG, Ghani AC, Drakeley CJ, et al. Comparison of diagnostics for the detection of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections to inform control and elimination strategies. Nature. 2015;528:S86-93.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5256_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.229","volume":"72","author":"A Walker-Abbey","year":"2005","unstructured":"Walker-Abbey A, Thuita LH, Zhou A, Sama G, Beardslee E, Snounou G, et al. Malaria in pregnant Cameroonian women: the effect of age and gravidity on submicroscopic and mixed-species infections and multiple parasite genotypes. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;72:229\u201335.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5256_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001582","volume":"4","author":"OJ Watson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Watson OJ, Sumner KM, Janko M, Goel V, Winskill P, Slater HC, et al. False-negative malaria rapid diagnostic test results and their impact on community-based malaria surveys in sub-Saharan Africa. BMJ Glob Health. 2019;4: e001582.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"5256_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156954","volume":"11","author":"DJ Kyabayinze","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kyabayinze DJ, Zongo I, Cunningham J, Gatton M, Angutoko P, Ategeka J, et al. HRP2 and pLDH-based rapid diagnostic tests, expert microscopy, and PCR for detection of malaria infection during pregnancy and at delivery in areas of varied transmission: a prospective cohort study in Burkina Faso and Uganda. PLoS ONE. 2016;11: e0156954.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5256_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir625","volume":"204","author":"SM Taylor","year":"2011","unstructured":"Taylor SM, van Eijk AM, Hand CC, Mwandagalirwa K, Messina JP, Tshefu AK, et al. Quantification of the burden and consequences of pregnancy-associated malaria in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. J Infect Dis. 2011;204:1762\u201371.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5256_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-306","volume":"10","author":"DJ Kyabayinze","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kyabayinze DJ, Tibenderana JK, Nassali M, Tumwine LK, Riches C, Montague M, et al. Placental Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection: operational accuracy of HRP2 rapid diagnostic tests in a malaria endemic setting. Malar J. 2011;10:306.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5256_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197395","volume":"13","author":"ML Gatton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gatton ML, Ciketic S, Barnwell JW, Cheng Q, Chiodini PL, Incardona S, et al. An assessment of false positive rates for malaria rapid diagnostic tests caused by non-Plasmodium infectious agents and immunological factors. PLoS ONE. 2018;13: e0197395.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05256-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05256-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05256-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T16:29:12Z","timestamp":1737390552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05256-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5256"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05256-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was ethically approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University (reference number: ALIPB IRB\/60\/2013\/21). Before commencement of the study, permission to conduct the study was obtained from the Amhara Public Health Institute, the Awi Zone Health Office, the Jawi District Health Office, and the management of each health facility. Written informed consent was obtained from pregnant women after briefing clearly about the purpose and benefits of the study. They were also informed that they have the full right to withdraw from the study at any time and at any stage they want. All personal identifiers were removed, and only codes were used to maintain the confidentiality of the participants\u2019 data. Pregnant women who were infected with\n                      Plasmodium\n                      parasites were treated according to the national treatment guidelines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"19"}}