{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T17:27:06Z","timestamp":1792690026729,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741996800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-025-05313-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T13:04:06Z","timestamp":1742043846000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Spatial distribution of malaria among under-five children and associated factors in Tanzania: a spatial and multilevel analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yaregal","family":"Animut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solomon Gedlu","family":"Nigatu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rediet Eristu","family":"Teklu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saron Abeje","family":"Abiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"5313_CR1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Malaria [updated March 12, 2024]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/malaria\/about\/index.html."},{"key":"5313_CR2","unstructured":"WHO. [updated 4 December 2023]. Geneva, World Health Organization. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/malaria."},{"key":"5313_CR3","unstructured":"WHO. High burden to high impact: a targeted malaria response. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2018."},{"key":"5313_CR4","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report 2022. Geneva, World Health Organization: 2022."},{"key":"5313_CR5","unstructured":"UNICEF. United Republic of Tanzania. Malaria: status update on children [June 18, 2024]. Available from: https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/cp\/malaria\/WMD-Covid_2020_DataSnapshot_TZA.pdf."},{"key":"5313_CR6","unstructured":"WHO. Global technical strategy for malaria 2016\u20132030. Geneva, World Health Organization; 2015."},{"key":"5313_CR7","unstructured":"The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Health. National malaria strategic plan 2021\u20132025. Tanzania, Dodoma, 2020."},{"key":"5313_CR8","unstructured":"Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar, Ministry of Health. Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Strategic Plan IV 2018\/19\u20132022\/23."},{"key":"5313_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03250-4","volume":"19","author":"SG Thawer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thawer SG, Chacky F, Runge M, Reaves E, Mandike R, Lazaro S, et al. Sub-national stratification of malaria risk in mainland Tanzania: a simplified assembly of survey and routine data. Malar J. 2020;19:177.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5313_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04099-5","volume":"21","author":"M Runge","year":"2022","unstructured":"Runge M, Thawer SG, Molteni F, Chacky F, Mkude S, Mandike R, et al. Sub-national tailoring of malaria interventions in Mainland Tanzania: simulation of the impact of strata-specific intervention combinations using modelling. Malar J. 2022;21:92.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5313_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228469","volume":"15","author":"M Runge","year":"2020","unstructured":"Runge M, Snow RW, Molteni F, Thawer S, Mohamed A, Mandike R, et al. Simulating the council-specific impact of anti-malaria interventions: a tool to support malaria strategic planning in Tanzania. PLoS ONE. 2020;15: e0228469.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5313_CR12","unstructured":"The United Republic of Tanzania, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation. Tanzania Country Profile. [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/www.foreign.go.tz\/tanzania\/category\/country-profile. Accessed on June 1, 2024."},{"key":"5313_CR13","unstructured":"Ministry of Finance and Planning. Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics and President\u2019s Office - Finance and Planning, Office of the Chief Government Statistician, Zanzibar. The 2022 Population and Housing Census: Age and Sex Distribution Report. Tanzania. 2022."},{"key":"5313_CR14","unstructured":"Ministry of Health [Tanzania Mainland], Ministry of Health [Zanzibar], National Bureau of Statistics, Office of the Chief Government Statistician, and ICF. Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey 2022 Final Report. Dodoma, Tanzania, and Rockville, Maryland, USA. 2022."},{"key":"5313_CR15","unstructured":"Florey L, Taylor C. Using household survey data to explore the effects of improved housing conditions on malaria infection in children in sub-Saharan Africa [Internet]. ICF Int. 2016. Available from: http:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/AS61\/AS61.pdf."},{"key":"5313_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19960415)15:7\/9<887::AID-SIM257>3.0.CO;2-E","volume":"15","author":"T Waldh\u00f6r","year":"1996","unstructured":"Waldh\u00f6r T. The spatial autocorrelation coefficient Moran\u2019s I under heteroscedasticity. Stat Med. 1996;15:887\u201392.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"5313_CR17","unstructured":"Kulldorff M. SaTScanTM user guide. Boston; 2006."},{"key":"5313_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1080\/02693799008941549","volume":"4","author":"MA Oliver","year":"1990","unstructured":"Oliver MA, Webster R. Kriging: a method of interpolation for geographical information systems. Int J Geogr Inform Systems. 1990;4:313\u201332.","journal-title":"Int J Geogr Inform Systems"},{"key":"5313_CR19","first-page":"114","volume":"17","author":"GS Bhunia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bhunia GS, Shit PK, Maiti R. Comparison of GIS-based interpolation methods for spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC). J Saudi Soc Agricult Sci. 2018;17:114\u201326.","journal-title":"J Saudi Soc Agricult Sci"},{"key":"5313_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04364-7","volume":"21","author":"SG Thawer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thawer SG, Golumbeanu M, Munisi K, Aaron S, Chacky F, Lazaro S, et al. The use of routine health facility data for micro-stratification of malaria risk in mainland Tanzania. Malar J. 2022;21:345.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5313_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10600","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37669-x","volume":"13","author":"SG Thawer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thawer SG, Golumbeanu M, Lazaro S, Chacky F, Munisi K, Aaron S, et al. Spatio-temporal modelling of routine health facility data for malaria risk micro-stratification in mainland Tanzania. Sci Rep. 2023;13:10600.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5313_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12259","volume":"21","author":"Y Ge","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ge Y, Song Y, Wang J, Liu W, Ren Z, Peng J, et al. Geographically weighted regression-based determinants of malaria incidences in northern China. Transactions GIS. 2017;21:934\u201353.","journal-title":"Transactions GIS"},{"key":"5313_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0976-9","volume":"14","author":"MM Ndiath","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ndiath MM, Cisse B, Ndiaye JL, Gomis JF, Bathiery O, Dia AT, et al. Application of geographically-weighted regression analysis to assess risk factors for malaria hotspots in Keur Soce health and demographic surveillance site. Malar J. 2015;14:463.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5313_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2024.e02398","volume":"26","author":"EK Appiah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Appiah EK, Aidoo EN, Avuglah RK, Appiah SK. Geographically weighted logistic regression model for identifying risk factors for malaria infection among under-5 children in Ghana. Scientific African. 2024;26: e02398.","journal-title":"Scientific African"},{"key":"5313_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-1044-1","volume":"15","author":"T Homan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Homan T, Maire N, Hiscox A, Di Pasquale A, Kiche I, Onoka K, et al. Spatially variable risk factors for malaria in a geographically heterogeneous landscape, western Kenya: an explorative study. Malar J. 2016;15:1.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5313_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1399-y","volume":"15","author":"J Landier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Landier J, Parker DM, Thu AM, Carrara VI, Lwin KM, Bonnington CA, et al. The role of early detection and treatment in malaria elimination. Malar J. 2016;15:363.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5313_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.01.005","volume":"29","author":"VB Rao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rao VB, Schellenberg D, Ghani AC. Overcoming health systems barriers to successful malaria treatment. Trends Parasitol. 2013;29:164\u201380.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"5313_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4084\/mjhid.2012.048","volume":"4","author":"F Ricci","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ricci F. Social implications of malaria and their relationships with poverty. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2012;4: e2012048.","journal-title":"Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis"},{"key":"5313_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-9957-3-19","volume":"3","author":"K Yadav","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yadav K, Dhiman S, Rabha B, Saikia PK, Veer V. Socio-economic determinants for malaria transmission risk in an endemic primary health centre in Assam. India Infect Dis Poverty. 2014;3:19.","journal-title":"India Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"5313_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065787","volume":"8","author":"PA West","year":"2013","unstructured":"West PA, Protopopoff N, Rowland M, Cumming E, Rand A, Drakeley C, et al. Malaria risk factors in North West Tanzania: the effect of spraying, nets and wealth. PLoS ONE. 2013;8: e65787.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5313_CR31","unstructured":"U.S. President\u2019s Malaria Initiative Tanzania (Mainland) Malaria Operational Plan FY 2023. Retrieved from www.pmi.gov."},{"key":"5313_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kakilla C, Manjurano A, Nelwin K, Martin J, Mashauri F, Kinung\u2019hi SM, et al. Malaria vector species composition and entomological indices following indoor residual spraying in regions bordering Lake Victoria, Tanzania. Malar J. 2020;19:383.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03452-w"},{"key":"5313_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-04849-7","volume":"23","author":"CD Mwalimu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mwalimu CD, Kiware S, Nshama R, Derua Y, Machafuko P, Gitanya P, et al. Dynamics of malaria vector composition and Plasmodium falciparum infection in mainland Tanzania: 2017\u20132021 data from the national malaria vector entomological surveillance. Malar J. 2024;23:29.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5313_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5078","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16245078","volume":"16","author":"S Gopal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gopal S, Ma Y, Xin C, Pitts J, Were L. Characterizing the spatial determinants and prevention of malaria in Kenya. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16:5078.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"5313_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250550","volume":"16","author":"JBO Emina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Emina JBO, Doctor HV, Y\u00e9 Y. Profiling malaria infection among under-five children in the Democratic Republic of Congo. PLoS ONE. 2021;16: e0250550.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5313_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04195-6","volume":"21","author":"G Kombate","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kombate G, Gmakouba W, Scott S, Azianu KA, Ekouevi DK, van der Sande MAB. Regional heterogeneity of malaria prevalence and associated risk factors among children under five in Togo: evidence from a national malaria indicators survey. Malar J. 2022;21:168.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5313_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traa092","volume":"115","author":"VM Oguoma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oguoma VM, Anyasodor AE, Adeleye AO, Eneanya OA, Mbanefo EC. Multilevel modelling of the risk of malaria among children aged under five years in Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2020;115:482\u201394.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5313_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2319-0","volume":"17","author":"V Were","year":"2018","unstructured":"Were V, Buff AM, Desai M, Kariuki S, Samuels A, ter Kuile FO, et al. Socioeconomic health inequality in malaria indicators in rural western Kenya: evidence from a household malaria survey on burden and care-seeking behaviour. Malar J. 2018;17:166.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5313_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01046-1","volume":"28","author":"JO Sarfo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sarfo JO, Amoadu M, Kordorwu PY, Adams AK, Gyan TB, Osman AG, et al. Malaria amongst children under five in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review of prevalence, risk factors and preventive interventions. Eur J Med Res. 2023;28:80.","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"5313_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211205","volume":"14","author":"A Degarege","year":"2019","unstructured":"Degarege A, Fennie K, Degarege D, Chennupati S, Madhivanan P. Improving socioeconomic status may reduce the burden of malaria in sub Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2019;14: e0211205.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5313_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-023-01075-2","volume":"12","author":"Y Ge","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ge Y, Liang D, Cao J, Gosling R, Mushi V, Huang J. How socioeconomic status affected the access to health facilities and malaria diagnosis in children under five years: findings from 19 sub-Saharan African countries. Infect Dis Poverty. 2023;12:29.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"5313_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215824401664777","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244016647773","volume":"6","author":"OT Kolawole","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kolawole OT, Stephen AO. Mothers\u2019 socioeconomic differentials and management of malaria in Nigeria. SAGE Open. 2016;6:2158244016647773.","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"5313_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9914424","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9914424","volume":"2021","author":"A Diallo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Diallo A, Tour\u00e9 AA, Doumbouya A, Magassouba AS, Traor\u00e9 F, Ciss\u00e9 M, et al. Factors associated with malaria preventive measures among pregnant women in Guinea. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2021;2021:9914424.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"5313_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258594","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1258594","volume":"11","author":"D Addis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Addis D, Gebeyehu WT. Assessment of malaria prevention knowledge, attitude, and practice and associated factors among households living in rural malaria-endemic areas in the Afar Pastoral Region of Ethiopia. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1258594.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"5313_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04702-3","volume":"22","author":"P Adum","year":"2023","unstructured":"Adum P, Agyare VA, Owusu-Marfo J, Agyeman YN. Knowledge, attitude and practices of malaria preventive measures among mothers with children under five years in a rural setting of Ghana. Malar J. 2023;22:268.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5313_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2017.1288971","volume":"111","author":"C Ma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ma C, Claude K, Tsongo Kibendelwa Z, Brooks H, Zheng X, Hawkes M. Is maternal education a social vaccine for childhood malaria infection? A cross-sectional study from war-torn Democratic Republic of Congo. Pathog Glob Health. 2017;111:98\u2013106.","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"5313_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001729","volume":"5","author":"K Masuda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Masuda K. Length of maternal schooling and children\u2019s risk of malaria infection: evidence from a natural experiment in Uganda. BMJ Glob Health. 2020;5(2): e001729.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"5313_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-06134-190133","volume":"19","author":"JG Siri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Siri JG. Independent associations of maternal education and household wealth with malaria risk in children. Ecol Soc. 2014;19:33.","journal-title":"Ecol Soc"},{"key":"5313_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04484-8","volume":"22","author":"S Anjorin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Anjorin S, Okolie E, Yaya S. Malaria profile and socioeconomic predictors among under-five children: an analysis of 11 sub-Saharan African countries. Malar J. 2023;22:55.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5313_CR50","unstructured":"Kempter E, Upadhayay NB. Uncovering the role of education in the uptake of preventive measures against malaria in the african population. University of T\u00fcbingen Working Papers in Business and Economics, 2022."},{"key":"5313_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1847-3","volume":"16","author":"H Wanzira","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wanzira H, Katamba H, Okullo AE, Agaba B, Kasule M, Rubahika D. Factors associated with malaria parasitaemia among children under 5 years in Uganda: a secondary data analysis of the 2014 Malaria Indicator Survey dataset. Malar J. 2017;16:191.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5313_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11234","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111234","volume":"18","author":"PE Obasohan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Obasohan PE, Walters SJ, Jacques R, Khatab K. Individual and contextual factors associated with malaria among children 6\u201359 months in Nigeria: a multilevel mixed effect logistic model approach. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:11234.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"5313_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2001.00364.x","volume":"23","author":"E Riley","year":"2001","unstructured":"Riley E, Wagner G, Akanmori B, Koram K. Do maternally acquired antibodies protect infants from malaria infection? Parasite Immunol. 2001;23:51\u20139.","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"5313_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00136","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00136-17","volume":"24","author":"S Boudov\u00e1","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boudov\u00e1 S, Walldorf Jenny A, Bailey Jason A, Divala T, Mungwira R, Mawindo P, et al. Mother-newborn pairs in Malawi Have similar antibody repertoires to diverse malaria antigens. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2017;24:e00136-e217.","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"5313_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20859","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20859","volume":"6","author":"SC Charnaud","year":"2016","unstructured":"Charnaud SC, McGready R, Herten-Crabb A, Powell R, Guy A, Langer C, et al. Maternal-foetal transfer of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax antibodies in a low transmission setting. Sci Rep. 2016;6:20859.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5313_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/46.2.92","volume":"46","author":"O Kassim","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kassim O, Ako-Anai K, Torimiro S, Hollowell G, Okoye V, Martin S. Inhibitory factors in breastmilk, maternal and infant sera against in vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite. J Trop Pediat. 2000;46:92\u20136.","journal-title":"J Trop Pediat"},{"key":"5313_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2463-6","volume":"17","author":"OM Morakinyo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morakinyo OM, Balogun FM, Fagbamigbe AF. Housing type and risk of malaria among under-five children in Nigeria: evidence from the malaria indicator survey. Malar J. 2018;17:311.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5313_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03540-x","volume":"20","author":"RK Sharma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharma RK, Rajvanshi H, Bharti PK, Nisar S, Jayswar H, Mishra AK, et al. Socio-economic determinants of malaria in tribal dominated Mandla district enrolled in Malaria Elimination Demonstration Project in Madhya Pradesh. Malar J. 2021;20:7.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5313_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-04939-6","volume":"23","author":"I Isiko","year":"2024","unstructured":"Isiko I, Nyegenye S, Bett DK, Asingwire JM, Okoro LN, Emeribe NA, et al. Factors associated with the risk of malaria among children: analysis of 2021 Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey. Malar J. 2024;23:109.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5313_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1694-2","volume":"16","author":"CW Kabaria","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kabaria CW, Gilbert M, Noor AM, Snow RW, Linard C. The impact of urbanization and population density on childhood Plasmodium falciparum parasite prevalence rates in Africa. Malar J. 2017;16:49.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5313_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19206-1","volume":"24","author":"JV Mbishi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mbishi JV, Chombo S, Luoga P, Omary HJ, Paulo HA, Andrew J, et al. Malaria in under-five children: prevalence and multi-factor analysis of high-risk African countries. BMC Public Health. 2024;24:1687.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"5313_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04207-5","volume":"21","author":"EA Hasabo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hasabo EA, Khalid RI, Mustafa GE, Taha RE, Abdalla RS, Mohammed RA, et al. Treatment-seeking behaviour, awareness and preventive practice toward malaria in Abu Ushar, Gezira state, Sudan: a household survey experience from a rural area. Malar J. 2022;21:182.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5313_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000071","volume":"2","author":"TG Yhdego","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yhdego TG, Gardew AD, Yifat FT. Malaria prevalence, knowledge and associated factors among household heads in Maygaba town. Ethiopia PLoS Glob Public Health. 2022;2: e0000071.","journal-title":"Ethiopia PLoS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"5313_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290822","volume":"18","author":"AR Lopez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lopez AR, Brown CA. Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding malaria prevention and control in communities in the Eastern Region, Ghana, 2020. PLoS ONE. 2023;18: e0290822.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5313_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03946","volume":"6","author":"RT Gaston","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gaston RT, Ramroop S. Prevalence of and factors associated with malaria in children under five years of age in Malawi, using malaria indicator survey data. Heliyon. 2020;6: e03946.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"5313_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285265","volume":"18","author":"D Chilot","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chilot D, Mondelaers A, Alem AZ, Asres MS, Yimer MA, Toni AT, et al. Pooled prevalence and risk factors of malaria among children aged 6\u201359 months in 13 sub-Saharan African countries: a multilevel analysis using recent malaria indicator surveys. PLoS ONE. 2023;18: e0285265.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5313_CR67","first-page":"36","volume":"2","author":"E Obeagu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Obeagu E, Obeagu G. Anemia and malaria: twin troubles in pediatric health. Elite J Health Sci. 2024;2:36\u201343.","journal-title":"Elite J Health Sci"},{"key":"5313_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.18829.1","volume":"8","author":"KM Abuga","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abuga KM, Nairz M, MacLennan CA, Atkinson SH. Severe anaemia, iron deficiency, and susceptibility to invasive bacterial infections. Wellcome Open Res. 2023;8:48.","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"5313_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-004-6515-6","volume":"20","author":"A Levy","year":"2005","unstructured":"Levy A, Fraser D, Rosen SD, Dagan R, Deckelbaum RJ, Coles C, et al. Anemia as a risk factor for infectious diseases in infants and toddlers: results from a prospective study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2005;20:277\u201384.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"5313_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2509-9","volume":"17","author":"NJ White","year":"2018","unstructured":"White NJ. Anaemia and malaria. Malar J. 2018;17:371.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5313_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.7.1427","volume":"7","author":"DJ Perkins","year":"2011","unstructured":"Perkins DJ, Were T, Davenport GC, Kempaiah P, Hittner JB, Ong\u2019echa JM. Severe malarial anemia: innate immunity and pathogenesis. Int J Biol Sci. 2011;7:1427.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"5313_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0742-1","volume":"101","author":"K Ghosh","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ghosh K, Ghosh K. Pathogenesis of anemia in malaria: a concise review. Parasitol Res. 2007;101:1463\u20139.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"5313_CR73","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"EI Obeagu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Egba SI, Emeka-Obi OR. Combatting anemia in pediatric malaria: effective management strategies. Int J Curr Res Med Sci. 2023;9:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Curr Res Med Sci"},{"key":"5313_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1290-x","volume":"15","author":"D Roberts","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roberts D, Matthews G. Risk factors of malaria in children under the age of five years old in Uganda. Malar J. 2016;15:246.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5313_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-5-8","volume":"5","author":"Y Y\u00e9","year":"2006","unstructured":"Y\u00e9 Y, Hoshen M, Louis V, S\u00e9raphin S, Traor\u00e9 I, Sauerborn R. Housing conditions and Plasmodium falciparum infection: protective effect of iron-sheet roofed houses. Malar J. 2006;5:8.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5313_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-57","volume":"6","author":"DW Lwetoijera","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lwetoijera DW, Kiware SS, Mageni ZD, Dongus S, Harris C, Devine GJ, et al. A need for better housing to further reduce indoor malaria transmission in areas with high bed net coverage. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:57.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5313_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087358","volume":"9","author":"JX Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu JX, Bousema T, Zelman B, Gesase S, Hashim R, Maxwell C, et al. Is housing quality associated with malaria incidence among young children and mosquito vector numbers? Evidence from Korogwe. Tanzania PLoS One. 2014;9: e87358.","journal-title":"Tanzania PLoS One"},{"key":"5313_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932021000420","volume":"54","author":"PA Duodu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Duodu PA, Dzomeku VM, Emerole CO, Agbadi P, Arthur-Holmes F, Nutor JJ. Rural\u2013urban dimensions of the perception of malaria severity and practice of malaria preventive measures: insight from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey. J Biosoc Sci. 2021;54:858\u201375.","journal-title":"J Biosoc Sci"},{"key":"5313_CR79","volume":"2014","author":"SH Nyarko","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nyarko SH, Cobblah A. Sociodemographic determinants of malaria among under-five children in Ghana. Malar Res Treat. 2014;2014: 304361.","journal-title":"Malar Res Treat"},{"key":"5313_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.5897\/JPHE2018.1055","volume":"10","author":"P Edwin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Edwin P. Prevalence and socio-demographic factors associated with malaria infection among children under five years in Tanzania. J Public Health Epidemiol. 2018;10:387\u201394.","journal-title":"J Public Health Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05313-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05313-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05313-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T23:24:56Z","timestamp":1742081096000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05313-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5313"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05313-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval and participant consent were not applicable to this particular study since it was based on a secondary data analysis of publicly available survey data from the DHS program. However, permission for data access and use for this study was obtained from the DHS program through an online request at . The authorization letter was also gained from the DHS Program.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"86"}}