{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:31:27Z","timestamp":1787164287206,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]],"date-time":"2025-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]],"date-time":"2025-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spatial and temporal identification of malaria-endemic areas is a key component of vector-borne disease control. Strategies to target the most vulnerable populations, the periods of high transmission and the most affected geographical areas, should make vector-borne disease control and prevention programmes more cost-effective. The present study focuses on the spatial and temporal dynamics of malaria cases and the exogenous factors influencing the transmission in an area with pyrethroid-resistant mosquito vector populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospective cohort study of 1806 children under 10 years of age was conducted over 20 months to assess the risk of malaria incidence in the Cove-Zagnanado-Ouinhi (CoZO) health zone located in southern Benin. Childhood malaria data were used to identify malaria hotspots according to months of follow-up using spatial scanning methods based on the Kulldoff algorithm. Stability scores were calculated by season to assess incidence heterogeneity. Incidence values by month were aggregated with meteorological data; and demographic data were merged to detect cross-correlation between incidence and meteorological variables. Generalized equation estimators were chosen for their ability to handle intra-group correlation, ensuring robust and interpretable results despite the complexity of the data to identify factors explaining the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of malaria incidence in the CoZO health zone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Malaria incidence ranged from 1.41 (95% IC 0.96\u20132.08) to 13.91 (95% IC 12.22\u201315.84) cases per 100 child-months. Spatial heterogeneity in malaria transmission hotspots was observed over the study period, with relative risks ranging from 1.59 (p-value =\u20090.032) to 16.24 (p-value =\u20090.002). There was a significant negative association (correlation coefficient =\u2009\u2212 0.56) between malaria incidence and temperature; and a slightly positive association (correlation coefficient =\u20090.58) between malaria incidence and rainfall. A significant association between malaria incidence with average house altitude (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR] 1 (95% IC 0.99\u20131) P\u2009&lt; 0.001), soil type aIRR 0.54 (0.39\u20130.75) p\u2009&lt; 0.001 and temperature (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.69 (0.66\u20130.73) p\u2009&lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study uses innovative technologies such as remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) to analyse the environmental, meteorological and geographical factors influencing malaria transmission, thereby identifying high-risk areas and associated factors. It demonstrates that these tools improve the accuracy of control strategies, while highlighting the crucial role of the environment and human behaviour, paving the way for more targeted interventions against malaria and other vector-borne diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-025-05353-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]],"date-time":"2025-05-18T15:33:46Z","timestamp":1747582426000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Spatial and temporal variation of malaria incidence in children under 10 years in a pyrethroid-resistant vector area in southern Benin"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Edouard","family":"Dangbenon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mintod\u00ea Nicod\u00e8me","family":"Atchad\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin C.","family":"Akogb\u00e9to","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahouton N.","family":"Hounkonnou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Landry","family":"Assongba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilaire","family":"Akpovi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manisha A.","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natacha","family":"Protopopoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jackie","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Accrombessi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"5353_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. World health statistics 2024: monitoring health for the SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2024. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/376869\/9789240094703-eng.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"5353_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70045-8","volume":"8","author":"L Kelly-Hope","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kelly-Hope L, Ranson H, Hemingway J. Lessons from the past: managing insecticide resistance in malaria control and eradication programmes. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8:387\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"5353_CR3","unstructured":"WHO. Malaria. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2024. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/questions-and-answers\/item\/malaria. Accessed 7 Jul 2024."},{"key":"5353_CR4","unstructured":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). Malaria prevention, treatment, and control strategies. 2011. https:\/\/www.niaid.nih.gov\/diseases-conditions\/malaria-strategies. Accessed 6 Jul 2024."},{"key":"5353_CR5","unstructured":"UNICEF BENIN. Sant\u00e9 de l\u2019Enfant. 2020. https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/benin\/recits\/sant%C3%A9-de-lenfant. Accessed 11 Jul 2024."},{"key":"5353_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028812","volume":"7","author":"G Cottrell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cottrell G, Kouwaye B, Pierrat C, le Port A, Boura\u00efma A, Fonton N, et al. Modeling the influence of local environmental factors on malaria transmission in Benin and its implications for cohort study. PLoS ONE. 2012;7: e28812.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5353_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.22161\/ijaers.106.3","volume":"10","author":"J Sodji","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sodji J, Azian D, Gbenou VV. Climatic rhythms and prevalence of malaria in the municipality of Sinende in Northern Benin. Int J Adv Eng Res Sci. 2023;10:230.","journal-title":"Int J Adv Eng Res Sci"},{"key":"5353_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-023-04818-1","volume":"155","author":"GJ Gbaguidi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gbaguidi GJ, Topanou N, Filho WL, Ketoh GK. Potential impact of climate change on the transmission of malaria in northern Benin, West Africa. Theor Appl Climatol. 2024;155:3525\u201339.","journal-title":"Theor Appl Climatol"},{"key":"5353_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.4314\/ijbcs.v14i8.7","volume":"14","author":"IM Cisse","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cisse IM, Alassani A, Adjobimey M, Mikponhoue R, Hinsou AV, Ayelo P. Facteurs comportementaux et environnementaux associ\u00e9s au paludisme \u00e0 Tourou (B\u00e9nin) en p\u00e9riode de faible end\u00e9micit\u00e9. Int J Biol Chem Sci. 2020;14:2737\u201345.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Chem Sci"},{"key":"5353_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0683-6","volume":"14","author":"AB Adijun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adijun AB, Gajere EN, Oresanya O, Vounatsou P. Malaria risk in Nigeria: Bayesian geostatistical modelling of 2010 malaria indicator survey data. Malar J. 2015;14:156.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5353_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2018.660","volume":"13","author":"AS Minale","year":"2018","unstructured":"Minale AS, Alemu K. Mapping malaria risk using geographic information systems and remote sensing: the case of Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia. Geospat Health. 2018;13:660.","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"key":"5353_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.6922","volume":"6","author":"J Rageau","year":"1953","unstructured":"Rageau J, Adam JP. R\u00e9partition des glossines au Cameroun fran\u00e7ais. Revue D\u2019\u00e9levage M\u00e9d V\u00e9t Pays Trop. 1953;6:73\u20136.","journal-title":"Revue D\u2019\u00e9levage M\u00e9d V\u00e9t Pays Trop"},{"key":"5353_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-350","volume":"7","author":"S Samadoulougou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Samadoulougou S, Maheu-Giroux M, Kirakoya-Samadoulougou F, De Keukeleire M, Castro MC, Robert A. Multilevel and geo-statistical modeling of malaria risk in children of Burkina Faso. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:350.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5353_CR14","unstructured":"Rentokil. 7 m\u00e9thodes de pr\u00e9vention anti moustique. Rentokil France. 2021. https:\/\/www.rentokil.com\/fr\/blog\/solutions-fait-maisons\/prevention-anti-moustique-7-methodes-simples-pour-eviter-les-moustiques. Accessed 16 Jul 2024."},{"key":"5353_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carnevale P, Robert V. Les anoph\u00e8les\u202f: biologie, transmission du Plasmodium et lutte antivectorielle. Marseille: IRD \u00e9ditions; 2009. https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/10374.","DOI":"10.4000\/books.irdeditions.10374"},{"key":"5353_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2230-8","volume":"17","author":"H Hasyim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hasyim H, Nursafingi A, Haque U, Montag D, Groneberg DA, Dhimal M, et al. Spatial modelling of malaria cases associated with environmental factors in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Malar J. 2018;17:87.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5353_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-5-41","volume":"5","author":"LN Kazembe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kazembe LN, Kleinschmidt I, Holtz TH, Sharp BL. Spatial analysis and mapping of malaria risk in Malawi using point-referenced prevalence of infection data. Int J Health Geogr. 2006;5:41.","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"5353_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2747-5","volume":"18","author":"PS Epopa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Epopa PS, Collins CM, North A, Millogo AA, Benedict MQ, Tripet F, et al. Seasonal malaria vector and transmission dynamics in western Burkina Faso. Malar J. 2019;18:113.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5353_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.12.1213","volume":"153","author":"I Kleinschmidt","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kleinschmidt I, Sharp BL, Clarke GPY, Curtis B, Fraser C. Use of generalized linear mixed models in the spatial analysis of small-area malaria incidence rates in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;153:1213\u201321.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"5353_CR20","volume":"1","author":"J Tuyishimire","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tuyishimire J, Kateera F, Mugisha J, Amer S, Mens P. Spatial modelling of malaria risk factors in Ruhuha sector in the east of Rwanda. Rwanda J. 2016;1: 153704.","journal-title":"Rwanda J"},{"key":"5353_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02319-4","volume":"401","author":"M Accrombessi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Accrombessi M, Cook J, Dangbenon E, Yovogan B, Akpovi H, Sovi A, et al. Efficacy of pyriproxyfen-pyrethroid long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and chlorfenapyr-pyrethroid LLINs compared with pyrethroid-only LLINs for malaria control in Benin: a cluster-randomised, superiority trial. Lancet. 2023;401:435\u201346.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5353_CR22","unstructured":"Hounnakan AC, Ayadji APV, Vodungbo V, Hounkpe E, Gbekan P, Wadochedohoun R, et al. Annuaire des statistiques sanitaires: annee 2018. Ministere de la Sant\u00e9, R\u00e9publique du B\u00e9nin, 2018. https:\/\/files.aho.afro.who.int\/afahobckpcontainer\/production\/files\/Annuaire_2018_MS.pdf."},{"key":"5353_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05879-1","volume":"21","author":"M Accrombessi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Accrombessi M, Cook J, Ngufor C, Sovi A, Dangbenon E, Yovogan B, et al. Assessing the efficacy of two dual-active ingredients long-lasting insecticidal nets for the control of malaria transmitted by pyrethroid-resistant vectors in Benin: study protocol for a three-arm, single-blinded, parallel, cluster-randomized controlled trial. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21:194.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"5353_CR24","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz Sabater J. ERA5-Land monthly averaged data from 1950 to present. Copernicus climate change service (C3S) Climate data store (CDS). 2019. https:\/\/cds.climate.copernicus.eu\/cdsapp#!\/dataset\/reanalysis-era5-land-monthly-means?tab=form. Accessed 10 Apr 2022."},{"key":"5353_CR25","unstructured":"k-cstm1997.pdf. https:\/\/www.satscan.org\/papers\/k-cstm1997.pdf. Accessed 7 Jul 2024."},{"key":"5353_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1080\/03610929708831995","volume":"26","author":"M Kulldorff","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kulldorff M. A spatial scan statistic. Commun Stat Theor Method. 1997;26:1481\u201396.","journal-title":"Commun Stat Theor Method"},{"key":"5353_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2405-3","volume":"17","author":"A No\u00e9","year":"2018","unstructured":"No\u00e9 A, Zaman SI, Rahman M, Saha AK, Aktaruzzaman MM, Maude RJ. Mapping the stability of malaria hotspots in Bangladesh from 2013 to 2016. Malar J. 2018;17:259.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5353_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2022.e00261","volume":"18","author":"I Sangar\u00e9","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sangar\u00e9 I, Ouattara CA, Soma DD, Soma D, Assogba BS, Namountougou M, et al. Spatial-temporal pattern of malaria in Burkina Faso from 2013 to 2020. Parasite Epidemiol Control. 2022;18: e00261.","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol Control"},{"key":"5353_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.02130","author":"P Bejon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bejon P, Williams TN, Nyundo C, Hay SI, Benz D, Gething PW, et al. A micro-epidemiological analysis of febrile malaria in Coastal Kenya showing hotspots within hotspots. eLife. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.02130.","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"5353_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079966","volume":"8","author":"K Alemu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alemu K, Worku A, Berhane Y. Malaria infection has spatial, temporal, and spatiotemporal heterogeneity in unstable malaria transmission areas in Northwest Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 2013;8: e79966.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5353_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-339","volume":"12","author":"A Rosas-Aguirre","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rosas-Aguirre A, Llanos-Cuentas A, Speybroeck N, Cook J, Contreras-Mancilla J, Soto V, et al. Assessing malaria transmission in a low endemicity area of north-western Peru. Malar J. 2013;12:339.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5353_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137458","volume":"10","author":"A Rosas-Aguirre","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rosas-Aguirre A, Speybroeck N, Llanos-Cuentas A, Rosanas-Urgell A, Carrasco-Escobar G, Rodriguez H, et al. Hotspots of malaria transmission in the Peruvian Amazon: rapid assessment through a parasitological and serological survey. PLoS ONE. 2015;10: e0137458.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5353_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mouhaddach O. Analyse spatio-temporelle de la fi\u00e8vre typho\u00efde au niveau de la ville de Meknes (Maroc). Revue francophone sur la sant\u00e9 et les territoires. 2015. https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/rfst\/495. Accessed 7 Jul 2024.","DOI":"10.4000\/rfst.495"},{"key":"5353_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pierrat C. Risque palustre\u202f: appr\u00e9hender la vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 des individus \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle locale (Sud du B\u00e9nin). 2011;11. https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/vertigo\/11549. Accessed 7 Jul 2024.","DOI":"10.4000\/vertigo.11549"},{"key":"5353_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-04880-8","volume":"23","author":"F Mougeni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mougeni F, Lell B, Kandala N-B, Chirwa T. Bayesian spatio-temporal analysis of malaria prevalence in children between 2 and 10 years of age in Gabon. Malar J. 2024;23:57.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5353_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90424-3","volume":"94","author":"TA Ghebreyesus","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ghebreyesus TA, Haile M, Witten KH, Getachew A, Yohannes M, Lindsay SW, et al. Household risk factors for malaria among children in the Ethiopian highlands. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000;94:17\u201321.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5353_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-84","volume":"11","author":"A Woyessa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Woyessa A, Deressa W, Ali A, Lindtj\u00f8rn B. Prevalence of malaria infection in Butajira area, south-central Ethiopia. Malar J. 2012;11:84.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5353_CR38","volume":"21","author":"I Kon\u00e9","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kon\u00e9 I, Atchad\u00e9 MN. Spatial econometric modeling of malaria distribution in Burkina Faso. Sci Afr. 2023;21: e01869.","journal-title":"Sci Afr"},{"key":"5353_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000363.pub3","author":"J Pryce","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pryce J, Richardson M, Lengeler C. Insecticide-treated nets for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD000363.pub3.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"5353_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2280-y","volume":"17","author":"B Ouedraogo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ouedraogo B, Inoue Y, Kambir\u00e9 A, Sallah K, Dieng S, Tine R, et al. Spatio-temporal dynamic of malaria in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 2011\u20132015. Malar J. 2018;17:138.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5353_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0381","volume":"84","author":"AC Krefis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Krefis AC, Schwarz NG, Kr\u00fcger A, Fobil J, Nkrumah B, Acquah S, et al. Modeling the relationship between precipitation and malaria incidence in children from a holoendemic area in Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;84:285\u201391.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5353_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005013","volume":"128","author":"TA Abeku","year":"2004","unstructured":"Abeku TA, De Vlas SJ, Borsboom GJJM, Tadege A, Gebreyesus Y, Gebreyohannes H, et al. Effects of meteorological factors on epidemic malaria in Ethiopia: a statistical modelling approach based on theoretical reasoning. Parasitology. 2004;128:585\u201393.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"5353_CR43","first-page":"123","volume":"275","author":"M Pascual","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pascual M, Cazelles B, Bouma MJ, Chaves LF, Koelle K. Shifting patterns: malaria dynamics and rainfall variability in an African highland. Proc Biol Sci. 2008;275:123\u201332.","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"5353_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7367","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33868-8","volume":"13","author":"A Beloconi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beloconi A, Nyawanda BO, Bigogo G, Khagayi S, Obor D, Danquah I, et al. Malaria, climate variability, and interventions: modelling transmission dynamics. Sci Rep. 2023;13:7367.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5353_CR45","first-page":"17","volume":"13","author":"YE Himeidan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Himeidan YE, Hamid EE, Thalib L, Elbashir MI, Adam I. Climatic variables and transmission of falciparum malaria in New Halfa, eastern Sudan. East Mediterr Health J. 2007;13:17\u201324.","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"5353_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1053-5","volume":"8","author":"CD Christiansen-Jucht","year":"2015","unstructured":"Christiansen-Jucht CD, Parham PE, Saddler A, Koella JC, Bas\u00e1\u00f1ez MG. Larval and adult environmental temperatures influence the adult reproductive traits of Anopheles gambiae s.s. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:456.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5353_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1411-6","volume":"15","author":"GJ Abiodun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abiodun GJ, Maharaj R, Witbooi P, Okosun KO. Modelling the influence of temperature and rainfall on the population dynamics of Anopheles arabiensis. Malar J. 2016;15:364.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5353_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27771","author":"CC Murdock","year":"2016","unstructured":"Murdock CC, Sternberg ED, Thomas MB. Malaria transmission potential could be reduced with current and future climate change. Sci Rep. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep27771.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5353_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-125","volume":"9","author":"F Adimi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Adimi F, Soebiyanto RP, Safi N, Kiang R. Towards malaria risk prediction in Afghanistan using remote sensing. Malar J. 2010;9:125.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5353_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13844","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903423106","volume":"106","author":"KP Paaijmans","year":"2009","unstructured":"Paaijmans KP, Read AF, Thomas MB. Understanding the link between malaria risk and climate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106:13844\u20139.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"5353_CR51","first-page":"220","volume":"3","author":"J Mouchet","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mouchet J, Carnevale P, Coosemans M, Fontenille D, Ravaonjanahary C, Richard A, et al. Typologie du paludisme en Afrique. Cah Sant\u00e9. 1993;3:220\u201338.","journal-title":"Cah Sant\u00e9"},{"key":"5353_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1086\/524066","volume":"197","author":"B Kreuels","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kreuels B, Kobbe R, Adjei S, Kreuzberg C, von Reden C, B\u00e4ter K, et al. Spatial variation of malaria incidence in young children from a geographically homogeneous area with high endemicity. J Infect Dis. 2008;197:85\u201393.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5353_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-022-00034-8","volume":"12","author":"Y Ewnetu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ewnetu Y, Lemma W. Highland malaria transmission dynamics in space and time before pre-elimination era, Northwest Ethiopia. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2022;12:362\u201371.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"5353_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(95)90471-9","volume":"89","author":"KA Koram","year":"1995","unstructured":"Koram KA, Bennett S, Adiamah JH, Greenwood BM. Socio-economic risk factors for malaria in a peri-urban area of The Gambia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1995;89:146\u201350.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5353_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-201","volume":"9","author":"AC Krefis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Krefis AC, Schwarz NG, Nkrumah B, Acquah S, Loag W, Sarpong N, et al. Principal component analysis of socioeconomic factors and their association with malaria in children from the Ashanti region, Ghana. Malar J. 2010;9:201.","journal-title":"Malar J"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05353-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05353-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05353-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]],"date-time":"2025-05-18T17:02:03Z","timestamp":1747587723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05353-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5353"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05353-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4808089\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"157"}}