{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T19:20:31Z","timestamp":1767986431422,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-025-05417-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T18:44:00Z","timestamp":1752777840000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Barriers to effective usage of insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNS) among women of reproductive age in Tanzania: a national cross-sectional survey"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Kelly","family":"Taremwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ebuka Louis","family":"Anyamene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gideon Ikemdinachi","family":"Nwankwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miracle Kenile","family":"Agbontale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3612-5054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaac","family":"Isiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"5417_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-05019-5","volume":"23","author":"SS Mandai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mandai SS, Francis F, Challe DP, Seth MD, Madebe RA, Petro DA, et al. High prevalence and risk of malaria among asymptomatic individuals from villages with high prevalence of artemisinin partial resistance in Kyerwa district of Kagera region, north-western Tanzania. Malar J. 2024;23:197.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5417_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04364-7","volume":"21","author":"SG Thawer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thawer SG, Golumbeanu M, Munisi K, Aaron S, Chacky F, Lazaro S, et al. The use of routine health facility data for micro-stratification of malaria risk in mainland Tanzania. Malar J. 2022;21:345.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5417_CR3","unstructured":"WHO. [cited 2025 Feb 4]. Tanzania Forms End Malaria Council on Malaria Day 2023. Regional Office for Africa, World Health Organization. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/countries\/united-republic-of-tanzania\/news\/tanzania-forms-end-malaria-council-malaria-day-2023"},{"key":"5417_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Popkin Hall ZR, Seth MD, Madebe RA, Budodo R, Bakari C, Francis F, et al. Malaria species prevalence among asymptomatic individuals in four regions of Mainland Tanzania [Internet]. medRxiv (preprint). 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.12.28.23300584","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.12.28.23300584"},{"key":"5417_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sendor R, Banek K, Kashamuka MM, Mvuama N, Bala JA, Nkalani M, et al. Epidemiology of Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale spp. in a highly malaria-endemic country: a longitudinal cohort study in Kinshasa Province, Democratic Republic of Congo [Internet]. medRxiv (preprint). 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.04.20.23288826","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.04.20.23288826"},{"key":"5417_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2601-1","volume":"17","author":"F Chacky","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chacky F, Runge M, Rumisha SF, Machafuko P, Chaki P, Massaga JJ, et al. Nationwide school malaria parasitaemia survey in public primary schools, the United Republic of Tanzania. Malar J. 2018;17:452.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5417_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04738-5","volume":"22","author":"EA Liheluka","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liheluka EA, Massawe IS, Chiduo MG, Mandara CI, Chacky F, Ndekuka L, et al. Community knowledge, attitude, practices and beliefs associated with persistence of malaria transmission in North-western and Southern regions of Tanzania. Malar J. 2023;22:304.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5417_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00431-4","volume":"11","author":"V Reddy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reddy V, Weiss DJ, Rozier J, ter Kuile FO, Dellicour S. Global estimates of the number of pregnancies at risk of malaria from 2007 to 2020: a demographic study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023;11:e40\u20137.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"5417_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04090-0","volume":"21","author":"G Afai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Afai G, Rossetto EV, Baltazar CS, Candrinho B, Saifodine A, Zulliger R. Factors associated with knowledge about malaria prevention among women of reproductive age, Tete Province, Mozambique, 2019\u20132020. Malar J. 2022;21:76.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5417_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100247","volume":"9","author":"MJ Rijken","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rijken MJ, De Livera AM, Lee SJ, Boel ME, Rungwilailaekhiri S, Wiladphaingern J, et al. Quantifying low birth weight, preterm birth and small-for-gestational-age effects of malaria in pregnancy: a population cohort study. PLoS ONE. 2014;9: e100247.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5417_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-232","volume":"13","author":"R Ahmed","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ahmed R, Singh N, ter Kuile FO, Bharti PK, Singh PP, Desai M, et al. Placental infections with histologically confirmed Plasmodium falciparum are associated with adverse birth outcomes in India: a cross-sectional study. Malar J. 2014;13:232.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5417_CR12","unstructured":"WHO. Guideline for malaria [Internet]. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-malaria-programme"},{"key":"5417_CR13","unstructured":"WHO. Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016\u20132030 [Internet]. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2016. Available from: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/176712\/9789241564991_eng.pdf?sequence=1"},{"key":"5417_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03616-2","volume":"20","author":"V Mushi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mushi V, Mbotwa CH, Zacharia A, Ambrose T, Moshi FV. Predictors for the uptake of optimal doses of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy in Tanzania: further analysis of the data of the 2015\u20132016 Tanzania demographic and health survey and malaria indicat. Malar J. 2021;20:75.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5417_CR15","volume-title":"Genetically modified and other innovative Vector Control Technologies. Eco-bio-social considerations Safe Application","author":"V Dev","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dev V. Long-lasting insecticidal nets: an evidence-based technology for malaria vector control and future perspectives. In: Tyagi BK, editor. Genetically modified and other innovative Vector Control Technologies. Eco-bio-social considerations Safe Application. Springer Nature; 2021."},{"key":"5417_CR16","unstructured":"Malaria consortium. Malaria prevention through insecticide treated nets. 2016. Available from: https:\/\/www.malariaconsortium.org\/media-downloads\/802\/Malariapreventionthroughinsecticidetreatednets"},{"key":"5417_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1080\/13648470.2021.1884185","volume":"28","author":"F Guglielmo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guglielmo F, Ranson H, Sagnon N, Jones C. The issue is not \u2018compliance\u2019: exploring exposure to malaria vector bites through social dynamics in Burkina Faso. Anthropol Med. 2021;28:508\u201325.","journal-title":"Anthropol Med"},{"key":"5417_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5372-2","volume":"18","author":"JD Storey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Storey JD, Babalola SO, Ricotta EE, Fox KA, Toso M, Lewicky N, et al. Associations between ideational variables and bed net use in Madagascar, Mali, and Nigeria. BMC Public Health. 2018;18:484.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"5417_CR19","unstructured":"WHO. Achieving and maintaining universal coverage with long-lasting insecticidal nets for malaria control. Geneva, World Health Organization; 2017."},{"key":"5417_CR20","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report 2023. Geneva, World Health Organization; 2023."},{"key":"5417_CR21","unstructured":"United Republic of Tanzania. Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey. Key indicators. Dodoma, Tanzania and Rockville, USA. 2022;1\u201323."},{"key":"5417_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183936","volume":"12","author":"AM Finlay","year":"2017","unstructured":"Finlay AM, Butts J, Ranaivoharimina H, Cotte AH, Ramarosandratana B, Rabarijaona H, et al. Free mass distribution of long lasting insecticidal nets lead to high levels of LLIN access and use in Madagascar, 2010: a cross-sectional observational study. PLoS ONE. 2017;12: e0183936.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5417_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2575-z","volume":"17","author":"B Olapeju","year":"2018","unstructured":"Olapeju B, Choiriyyah I, Lynch M, Acosta A, Blaufuss S, Filemyr E, et al. Age and gender trends in insecticide-treated net use in sub-Saharan Africa: a multi-country analysis. Malar J. 2018;17:423.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5417_CR24","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Ministry of Health Zanzibar, National Bureau of Statistics, Office of Chief Government Statistician, ICF. Tanzania malaria indicator survey 2017. Zanzibar, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Rockville, USA. 2017;169. Available from: https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/MIS31\/MIS31.pdf"},{"key":"5417_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217052","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1217052","volume":"11","author":"OM Onyinyechi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Onyinyechi OM, Nazan AI, Ismail S. Effectiveness of health education interventions to improve malaria knowledge and insecticide-treated nets usage among populations of sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1217052.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"5417_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04634-y","volume":"22","author":"JMK Aheto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aheto JMK, Babah R, Dzokoto MK, Kwarah W, Alhassan Y. Predictors of mosquito bed net use among children under-fives in Ghana: a multilevel analysis of the 2019 malaria indicator survey. Malar J. 2023;22:196.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5417_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-17650-7","volume":"24","author":"OM Onyinyechi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Onyinyechi OM, Ismail S, Nazan AI. Prevention of malaria in pregnancy through health education intervention programs on insecticide-treated nets use: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2024;24:755.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"5417_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-022-04586-2","volume":"22","author":"D Klu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Klu D, Aberese-Ako M, Manyeh AK, Immurana M, Doegah P, Dalaba M, et al. Mixed effect analysis of factors influencing the use of insecticides treated bed nets among pregnant women in Ghana: evidence from the 2019 Malaria Indicator Survey. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022;22:258.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"5417_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-05135-w","volume":"24","author":"I Isiko","year":"2024","unstructured":"Isiko I, Nyegenye S, Mwesigwa A, Asingwire JM, Olot H, Amaka SR, et al. Determinants of malaria spread among under-five children in Nigeria: results from a 2021 Nigerian malaria indicator cross-sectional survey. BMC Pediatr. 2024;24:646.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"5417_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03198-5","volume":"19","author":"ZJ-L Hildon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hildon ZJ-L, Escorcio-Ymayo M, Zulliger R, de Arambur\u00fa RA, Lewicky N, Harig H, et al. \u201cWe have this, with my husband, we live in harmony\u201d: exploring the gendered decision-making matrix for malaria prevention and treatment in Nampula Province, Mozambique. Malar J. 2020;19:133.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5417_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2022.821178","volume":"3","author":"O Fadeyibi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fadeyibi O, Alade M, Adebayo S, Erinfolami T, Mustapha F, Yaradua S. Household structure and contraceptive use in Nigeria. Front Glob Womens Health. 2022;3: 821178.","journal-title":"Front Glob Womens Health"},{"key":"5417_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293420","volume":"18","author":"CK Dwumfour","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dwumfour CK, Bam VB, Owusu LB, Poku CA, Kpabitey RD, Aboagye P, et al. Prevalence and determinants of malaria infection among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Ejisu government hospital in Ghana: a cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2023;18: e0293420.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5417_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-3051-0","volume":"18","author":"CS Ahorlu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahorlu CS, Adongo P, Koenker H, Zigirumugabe S, Sika-Bright S, Koka E, et al. Understanding the gap between access and use: a qualitative study on barriers and facilitators to insecticide-treated net use in Ghana. Malar J. 2019;18:417.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5417_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13347-x","volume":"22","author":"KD Konlan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Konlan KD, Kossi VN, Gegefe I, Hayford L. Factors associated with ownership and utilization of insecticide treated nets among children under five years in sub-Saharan Africa. BMC Public Health. 2022;22:940.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"5417_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04620-4","volume":"22","author":"BL Solanke","year":"2023","unstructured":"Solanke BL, Soladoy DA, Birsirka IA, Abdurraheem A, Salau OR. Utilization of insecticide-treated nets and associated factors among childbearing women in Northern Nigeria. Malar J. 2023;22:184.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5417_CR36","volume":"6","author":"O Ezezika","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ezezika O, El-Bakri Y, Nadarajah A, Barrett K. Implementation of insecticide-treated malaria bed nets in Tanzania: a systematic review. J Glob Health Rep. 2022;6: e2022036.","journal-title":"J Glob Health Rep"},{"key":"5417_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-04939-6","volume":"23","author":"I Isiko","year":"2024","unstructured":"Isiko I, Nyegenye S, Bett DK, Asingwire JM, Okoro LN, Emeribe NA, et al. Factors associated with the risk of malaria among children: analysis of 2021 Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey. Malar J. 2024;23:109.","journal-title":"Malar J"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05417-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05417-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05417-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T13:37:01Z","timestamp":1757252221000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05417-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5417"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05417-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was based on secondary data from the TDHS, which obtained ethical approval from relevant authorities. The dataset was anonymized to ensure participant confidentiality. Permission to use the data was obtained from the DHS Program  Demographic and Health Survey also ensured that all participants provided informed verbal consent to participate in the study, and for minors, their parents or guardians consented on their behalf, and data was collected by the DHS team by the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"234"}}