{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:27:23Z","timestamp":1791390443212,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) as part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States","award":["R01AI165537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI165537"]}]},{"name":"EDCTP2 Program supported by the European Union Novartis Global Health Foundation Basel Switzerland","award":["TMA2020CDF-3171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMA2020CDF-3171"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-025-05480-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T13:32:49Z","timestamp":1754487169000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Diversity of anopheline species and malaria transmission dynamics in high-altitude areas of western Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Belinda Claire","family":"Kiam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aline Gaelle","family":"Bouopda-Tuedom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Arthur","family":"Mbida Mbida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahima","family":"Ibrahima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel J.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pacome V. K.","family":"Tchuenkam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary R.","family":"Popkin-Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariama","family":"Mbouh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charl\u00e8ne Tina","family":"Nanssong V.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Abate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e9ment Janvier","family":"Onguene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Tumamo Fotso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob M.","family":"Sadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan B.","family":"Parr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica T.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan J.","family":"Juliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Innocent Mbulli","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhoel R.","family":"Dinglasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine Eveline","family":"Nsango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"5480_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report 2024. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2024. https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-malaria-programme\/reports\/world-malaria-report-2024. Accessed 26 Feb 2025."},{"key":"5480_CR2","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report 2022. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2022. https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-malaria-programme\/reports\/world-malaria-report-2022. Accessed 22 Mar 2024."},{"key":"5480_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15535","volume":"526","author":"S Bhatt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bhatt S, Weiss DJ, Cameron E, Bisanzio D, Mappin B, Dalrymple U, et al. The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015. Nature. 2015;526:207\u201311.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5480_CR4","unstructured":"01_LowReduction_ENG.pdf. https:\/\/ins-cameroun.cm\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/01_LowReduction_ENG.pdf. Accessed 26 Feb 2025."},{"key":"5480_CR5","unstructured":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9. Rapport Annuel 2019 Lutte contre le Paludisme. Cameroun NHO. http:\/\/onsp.minsante.cm\/fr\/publication\/230\/rapport-annuel-2019-lutte-contre-le-paludisme. Accessed 27 Mar 27 2024."},{"key":"5480_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3753-8","volume":"12","author":"C Antonio-Nkondjio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Antonio-Nkondjio C, Ndo C, Njiokou F, Bigoga JD, Awono-Ambene P, Etang J, et al. Review of malaria situation in Cameroon: technical viewpoint on challenges and prospects for disease elimination. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12:501.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5480_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2799-6","volume":"18","author":"A Talipouo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Talipouo A, Ngadjeu CS, Doumbe-Belisse P, Djamouko-Djonkam L, Sonhafouo-Chiana N, Kopya E, et al. Malaria prevention in the city of Yaound\u00e9: knowledge and practices of urban dwellers. Malar J. 2019;18:167.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5480_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9925135","volume":"2021","author":"NA Kala Chouakeu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kala Chouakeu NA, Ngingahi LG, Bamou R, Talipouo A, Ngadjeu CS, Mayi MPA, et al. Knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of human populations towards malaria control in four ecoepidemiological settings in Cameroon. J Trop Med. 2021;2021: e9925135.","journal-title":"J Trop Med"},{"key":"5480_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.795","volume":"74","author":"J Etang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Etang J, Fondjo E, Chandre F, Morlais I, Brengues C, Nwane P, et al. First report of knockdown mutations in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae from Cameroon. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006;74:795\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5480_CR10","first-page":"423","volume":"26","author":"A Rubert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rubert A, Guillon-Grammatico L, Chandenier J, Dimier-Poisson I, Desoubeaux G. Insecticide resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes: additional obstacles in the battle against malaria. Med Sante Trop. 2016;26:423\u201331.","journal-title":"Med Sante Trop"},{"key":"5480_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3049-4","volume":"11","author":"R Bamou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bamou R, Mbakop LR, Kopya E, Ndo C, Awono-Ambene P, Tchuinkam T, et al. Changes in malaria vector bionomics and transmission patterns in the equatorial forest region of Cameroon between 2000 and 2017. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:464.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5480_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1325","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00216-3","volume":"9","author":"SW Lindsay","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lindsay SW, Thomas MB, Kleinschmidt I. Threats to the effectiveness of insecticide-treated bednets for malaria control: thinking beyond insecticide resistance. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;9:e1325\u201331.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"5480_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266420","volume":"17","author":"MG Machani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Machani MG, Ochomo E, Amimo F, Mukabana WR, Githeko AK, Yan G, et al. Behavioral responses of pyrethroid resistant and susceptible Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes to insecticide treated bed net. PLoS ONE. 2022;17: e0266420.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5480_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.4.561","volume":"41","author":"HP Awono-ambene","year":"2004","unstructured":"Awono-ambene HP, Kengne P, Simard F, Antonio-Nkondjio C, Fontenille D. Description and bionomics of Anopheles (Cellia) ovengensis (Diptera: Culicidae), a new malaria vector species of the Anopheles nili group from South Cameroon. J Med Entomol. 2004;41:561\u20138.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"5480_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05447-9","volume":"15","author":"WO Otambo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Otambo WO, Onyango PO, Wang C, Olumeh J, Ondeto BM, Lee MC, et al. Influence of landscape heterogeneity on entomological and parasitological indices of malaria in Kisumu, Western Kenya. Parasit Vectors. 2022;15:340.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5480_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268463","volume":"17","author":"WO Otambo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Otambo WO, Omondi CJ, Ochwedo KO, Onyango PO, Atieli H, Lee MC, et al. Risk associations of submicroscopic malaria infection in lakeshore, plateau, and highland areas of Kisumu County in western Kenya. PLoS ONE. 2022;17: e0268463.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5480_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03464-6","volume":"19","author":"CM Mutero","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mutero CM, Okoyo C, Girma M, Mwangangi J, Kibe L, Ng\u2019ang\u2019a P, et al. Evaluating the impact of larviciding with Bti and community education and mobilization as supplementary integrated vector management interventions for malaria control in Kenya and Ethiopia. Malar J. 2020;19:390.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5480_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6723-3","volume":"19","author":"PN Ng\u2019ang\u2019a","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ng\u2019ang\u2019a PN, Mutunga J, Oliech G, Mutero CM. Community knowledge and perceptions on malaria prevention and house screening in Nyabondo, Western Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2019;19:423.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"5480_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P59","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-S2-P59","volume":"9","author":"CL Wanjala","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wanjala CL, Githeko AK, Waitumbi JN. Assessing the impact of topography on malaria exposure and malaria epidemic sensitivity in the Western Kenya highlands. Malar J. 2010;9:P59.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5480_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-5-107","volume":"5","author":"AK Githeko","year":"2006","unstructured":"Githeko AK, Ayisi JM, Odada PK, Atieli FK, Ndenga BA, Githure JI, et al. Topography and malaria transmission heterogeneity in western Kenya highlands: prospects for focal vector control. Malar J. 2006;5:107.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5480_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.2020","volume":"278","author":"D Alonso","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alonso D, Bouma MJ, Pascual M. Epidemic malaria and warmer temperatures in recent decades in an East African highland. Proc R Soc B. 2011;278:1661\u20139.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B"},{"key":"5480_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90373-4","volume":"91","author":"RD Attenborough","year":"1997","unstructured":"Attenborough RD, Burkot TR, Gardner DS. Altitude and the risk of bites from mosquitoes infected with malaria and filariasis among the Mianmin people of Papua New Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1997;91:8\u201310.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5480_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5558659\/v1","author":"BC Kiam","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kiam BC, Tuedom Bouopda AG, Ibrahima I, White SJ, Tchuenkam PK, Popkin-Hall ZR, et al. Diversity, abundance of anopheline species, and malaria transmission dynamics in high-altitude areas of western Cameroon. Res Sq. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5558659\/v1.","journal-title":"Res Sq."},{"key":"5480_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2310\/7060.2000.00049","volume":"7","author":"RA Bishop","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bishop RA, Litch JA. Malaria at high altitude. J Travel Med. 2006;7:157\u20138.","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"5480_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1115-y","volume":"15","author":"BA Ndenga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ndenga BA, Mulaya NL, Musaki SK, Shiroko JN, Dongus S, Fillinger U. Malaria vectors and their blood-meal sources in an area of high bed net ownership in the western Kenya highlands. Malar J. 2016;15:76.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5480_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.50.529","volume":"50","author":"JC Beier","year":"1994","unstructured":"Beier JC, Oster CN, Onyango FK, Bales JD, Sherwood JA, Perkins PV, et al. Plasmodium falciparum incidence relative to entomologic inoculation rates at a site proposed for testing malaria vaccines in Western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1994;50:529\u201336.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5480_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244325","volume":"343","author":"AS Siraj","year":"2014","unstructured":"Siraj AS, Santos-Vega M, Bouma MJ, Yadeta D, Carrascal DR, Pascual M. Altitudinal changes in malaria incidence in Highlands of Ethiopia and Colombia. Science. 2014;343:1154\u20138.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"5480_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0594-6","volume":"14","author":"T Tchuinkam","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tchuinkam T, Nyih-Kong B, Fopa F, Simard F, Antonio-Nkondjio C, Awono-Ambene HP, et al. Distribution of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes and malaria-attributable fraction of fever episodes along an altitudinal transect in Western Cameroon. Malar J. 2015;14:96.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5480_CR29","unstructured":"Cot M, Garde X, Miailhes P, Louis JP, Carnevale P, Louis F. Paludisme en zone d\u2019altitude\u202f: r\u00e9sultats d\u2019une enqu\u00eate \u00e0 Dschang (Ouest Cameroun). Bull Liaison Documentation OCEAC. 1992; 100. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/32976857_Paludisme_en_zone_d'altitude_resultats_d'une_enquete_a_Dschang_Ouest_Cameroun"},{"key":"5480_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1722-2","volume":"16","author":"G Russo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Russo G, Faggioni G, Paganotti GM, Djeunang Dongho GB, Pomponi A, De Santis R, et al. Molecular evidence of Plasmodium vivax infection in Duffy negative symptomatic individuals from Dschang, West Cameroon. Malar J. 2017;16:74.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5480_CR31","first-page":"987","volume":"104","author":"GB Djeunang Dongho","year":"2021","unstructured":"Djeunang Dongho GB, Gunalan K, L\u2019Episcopia M, Paganotti GM, Menegon M, Sangong RE, et al. Plasmodium vivax infections detected in a large number of febrile duffy-negative Africans in Dschang, Cameroon. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021;104:987\u201392.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5480_CR32","volume-title":"Fleuves et rivi\u00e8res du Cameroun","author":"JC Olivry","year":"1986","unstructured":"Olivry JC. Fleuves et rivi\u00e8res du Cameroun, vol. 9. Paris: Collection Monographie Hydrologiques. Editions de l\u2019ORSTOM; 1986."},{"key":"5480_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-119","volume":"10","author":"T Tchuinkam","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tchuinkam T, Simard F, L\u00e9l\u00e9-Defo E, T\u00e9n\u00e9-Fossog B, Tateng-Ngouateu A, Antonio-Nkondjio C, et al. Bionomics of Anopheline species and malaria transmission dynamics along an altitudinal transect in Western Cameroon. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:119.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"5480_CR34","unstructured":"PCD_Santchou.pdf. https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_Santchou.pdf. Accessed 14 Jun 2024."},{"key":"5480_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PCD_DSCHANG1.pdf. https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DSCHANG1.pdf. Accessed 14 Jun 2024.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings14010001"},{"key":"5480_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.5897\/JPHE2020.1292","volume":"13","author":"KD Esther","year":"2021","unstructured":"Esther KD, Nicholas T, Dickson SN. Impact of the home-based management of malaria on morbidity and mortality in under-five children in Penka-Michel and Santchou Health Districts of Cameroon. J Public Health Epidemiol. 2021;13:30\u20137.","journal-title":"J Public Health Epidemiol"},{"key":"5480_CR37","unstructured":"Rapport_Penka-Michel_2022.pdf. https:\/\/pndp.org\/documents\/RAPPORT_PENKA-MICHEL_2022.pdf. Accessed 14 Jun 2024."},{"key":"5480_CR38","first-page":"55","volume":"73","author":"G Le Goff","year":"1993","unstructured":"Le Goff G, Carnevale P, Robert V. Comparaison des captures sur homme et au pi\u00e8ge lumineux CDC pour l\u2019\u00e9chantillonnage des moustiques et l\u2019\u00e9valuation de la transmission du paludisme au Sud-Cameroun. Ann Soc Belge M\u00e9d Trop. 1993;73:55\u201360.","journal-title":"Ann Soc Belge M\u00e9d Trop"},{"key":"5480_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/sp.efsa.2018.EN-1435","author":"J Medlock","year":"2018","unstructured":"Medlock J, Balenghien T, Alten B, Versteirt V, Schaffner F. Field sampling methods for mosquitoes, sandflies, biting midges and ticks. EFSA. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/sp.efsa.2018.EN-1435.","journal-title":"EFSA"},{"key":"5480_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-3144-9","volume":"19","author":"M Coetzee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coetzee M. Key to the females of Afrotropical Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Malar J. 2020;19:70.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5480_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1987.37.37","volume":"37","author":"FH Collins","year":"1987","unstructured":"Collins FH, Besansky NJ, Mendez MA, Rasmussen MO, Finnerty V, Mehaffey PC. A ribosomal RNA gene probe differentiates member species of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1987;37:37\u201341.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5480_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2002.00393.x","volume":"16","author":"C Fanello","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fanello C, Santolamazza F, Della TA. Simultaneous identification of species and molecular forms of the Anopheles gambiae complex by PCR-RFLP. Med Vet Entomol. 2002;16:461\u20134.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"5480_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.804","volume":"66","author":"LL Koekemoer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Koekemoer LL, Kamau L, Hunt RH, Coetzee M. A cocktail polymerase chain reaction assay to identify members of the Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) group. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002;66:804\u201311.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5480_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.5.2435-2440.2005","volume":"43","author":"KA Mangold","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mangold KA, Manson RU, Koay ESC, Stephens L, Regner M, Thomson RB, et al. Real-time PCR for detection and identification of Plasmodium spp. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:2435\u201340.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"5480_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","volume":"27","author":"CE Shannon","year":"1948","unstructured":"Shannon CE. A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Techn J. 1948;27:379\u2013423.","journal-title":"Bell System Techn J"},{"key":"5480_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/163688a0","volume":"163","author":"EH Simpson","year":"1949","unstructured":"Simpson EH. Measurement of diversity. Nature. 1949;163:688.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5480_CR47","unstructured":"Marcon E. Mesurer la biodiversit\u00e9 et la structuration spatiale. Doctoral Thesis, Universit\u00e9 de Guyane; 2016. https:\/\/agroparistech.hal.science\/tel-01502970. Accessed 9 July 2024."},{"key":"5480_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-005-0772-x","volume":"15","author":"R Kindt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kindt R, Van Damme P, Simons AJ. Tree diversity in Western Kenya: using profiles to characterise richness and evenness. Biodivers Conserv. 2006;15:1253\u201370.","journal-title":"Biodivers Conserv"},{"key":"5480_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s41936-022-00290-x","volume":"83","author":"J Djoufounna","year":"2022","unstructured":"Djoufounna J, Mayi MPA, Bamou R, Ningahi LG, Magatsing FO, Djiappi-Tchamen B, et al. Larval habitats characterization and population dynamics of Culex mosquitoes in two localities of the Menoua Division, Dschang and Santchou, West Cameroon. J Basic Appl Zool. 2022;83:30.","journal-title":"J Basic Appl Zool"},{"key":"5480_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.3390\/insects11050312","volume":"11","author":"MPA Mayi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mayi MPA, Bamou R, Djiappi-Tchamen B, Fontaine A, Jeffries CL, Walker T, et al. Habitat and seasonality affect mosquito community composition in the West Region of Cameroon. Insects. 2020;11:312.","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"5480_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3041-z","volume":"11","author":"N Amvongo-Adjia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Amvongo-Adjia N, Wirsiy EL, Riveron JM, Chounna Ndongmo WP, Enyong PA, Njiokou F, et al. Bionomics and vectorial role of anophelines in wetlands along the volcanic chain of Cameroon. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:471.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5480_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04544-z","volume":"22","author":"NAK Chouakeu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chouakeu NAK, Tchuinkam T, Bamou R, Bindamu MM, Talipouo A, Kopya E, et al. Malaria transmission pattern across the Sahelian, humid savanna, highland, and forest eco-epidemiological settings in Cameroon. Malar J. 2023;22:116.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5480_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05472-8","volume":"15","author":"PN Kwi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kwi PN, Ewane EE, Moyeh MN, Tangi LN, Ntui VN, Zeukeng F, et al. Diversity and behavioral activity of Anopheles mosquitoes on the slopes of Mount Cameroon. Parasit Vectors. 2022;15:344.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5480_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1079\/BER2003259","volume":"93","author":"MN Bayoh","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bayoh MN, Lindsay SW. Effect of temperature on the development of the aquatic stages of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (Diptera: Culicidae). Bull Entomol Res. 2003;93:375\u201381.","journal-title":"Bull Entomol Res"},{"key":"5480_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/42.3.270","volume":"42","author":"N Tuno","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tuno N, Okeka W, Minakawa N, Takagi M, Yan G. Survivorship of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae in Western Kenya Highland forest. J Med Entomol. 2005;42:270\u20137.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"5480_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019473","volume":"6","author":"BA Ndenga","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ndenga BA, Simbauni JA, Mbugi JP, Githeko AK, Fillinger U. Productivity of malaria vectors from different habitat types in the Western Kenya Highlands. PLoS ONE. 2011;6: e19473.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5480_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-40.5.706","volume":"40","author":"R B\u00f8dker","year":"2003","unstructured":"B\u00f8dker R, Akida J, Shayo D, Kisinza W, Msangeni HA, Pedersen EM, et al. Relationship between altitude and intensity of malaria transmission in the Usambara Mountains. Tanzania J Med Entomol. 2003;40:706\u201317.","journal-title":"Tanzania J Med Entomol"},{"key":"5480_CR58","first-page":"550","volume":"73","author":"A Mbida Mbida","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mbida Mbida A, Ntonga Akono P, Awono-Ambene P, Simo Wopo H, Talipouo A, Tchoffo Fobasso R, et al. Contribution \u00e0 la gestion durable du bassin versant du Wouri par une \u00e9tude de la r\u00e9partition de sa faune culicidienne (Littoral-Cameroun). Revue d\u2019\u00c9cologie. 2018;73:550\u20138.","journal-title":"Revue d\u2019\u00c9cologie"},{"key":"5480_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007229","volume":"13","author":"E Nchoutpouen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nchoutpouen E, Talipouo A, Djiappi-Tchamen B, Djamouko-Djonkam L, Kopya E, Ngadjeu CS, et al. Culex species diversity, susceptibility to insecticides and role as potential vector of Lymphatic filariasis in the city of Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13: e0007229.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"5480_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04950-9","volume":"14","author":"R Bamou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bamou R, Mayi MPA, Djiappi-Tchamen B, Nana-Ndjangwo SM, Nchoutpouen E, Cornel AJ, et al. An update on the mosquito fauna and mosquito-borne diseases distribution in Cameroon. Parasit Vectors. 2021;14:527.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5480_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6643226","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6643226","volume":"2021","author":"SAS Pilagolla","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pilagolla SAS, Amarasinghe LD. Assessing the filariasis causing parasites in adult mosquitoes and the vector mosquito larval breeding in Selected Medical Officer of Health Areas in Gampaha District, Sri Lanka. J Trop Med. 2021;2021:6643226.","journal-title":"J Trop Med"},{"key":"5480_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13760","volume":"68","author":"M Ferraguti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ferraguti M, Heesterbeek H, Mart\u00ednez-de la Puente J, Jim\u00e9nez-Clavero M\u00c1, V\u00e1zquez A, Ruiz S, et al. The role of different Culex mosquito species in the transmission of West Nile virus and avian malaria parasites in Mediterranean areas. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2021;68:920\u201330.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"5480_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-89","volume":"5","author":"J Ughasi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ughasi J, Bekard HE, Coulibaly M, Adabie-Gomez D, Gyapong J, Appawu M, et al. Mansonia africana and Mansonia uniformis are vectors in the transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti lymphatic filariasis in Ghana. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:89.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5480_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2019.2486","volume":"20","author":"OW Lwande","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lwande OW, Obanda V, Lindstr\u00f6m A, Ahlm C, Evander M, N\u00e4slund J, et al. Globe-trotting Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus: risk factors for arbovirus pandemics. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2020;20:71\u201381.","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"5480_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.3390\/insects13090793","volume":"13","author":"B Djiappi-Tchamen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Djiappi-Tchamen B, Nana-Ndjangwo MS, Nchoutpouen E, Makoudjou I, Ngangue-Siewe IN, Talipouo A, et al. Aedes mosquito surveillance using ovitraps, sweep nets, and biogent traps in the city of Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon. Insects. 2022;13:793.","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"5480_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006997","volume":"13","author":"F Amraoui","year":"2019","unstructured":"Amraoui F, Ben Ayed W, Madec Y, Faraj C, Himmi O, Btissam A, et al. Potential of Aedes albopictus to cause the emergence of arboviruses in Morocco. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13: e0006997.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"5480_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(79)90036-1","volume":"73","author":"M Coluzzi","year":"1979","unstructured":"Coluzzi M, Sabatini A, Petrarca V, Di Deco MA. Chromosomal differentiation and adaptation to human environments in the Anopheles gambiae complex. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1979;73:483\u201397.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5480_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-6-5","volume":"6","author":"JD Bigoga","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bigoga JD, Manga L, Titanji VP, Coetzee M, Leke RG. Malaria vectors and transmission dynamics in coastal south-western Cameroon. Malar J. 2007;6:5.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5480_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.4236\/ae.2022.101008","volume":"10","author":"E Kopya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kopya E, Ndo C, Djamouko-Djonkam L, Nkahe L, Awono-Ambene P, Njiokou F, et al. Anopheles leesoni Evans 1931, a member of the Anopheles funestus Group, is a potential malaria vector in Cameroon. Adv Entomol. 2022;10:99\u2013109.","journal-title":"Adv Entomol"},{"key":"5480_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-13","volume":"12","author":"JM Mwangangi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mwangangi JM, Mbogo CM, Orindi BO, Muturi EJ, Midega JT, Nzovu J, et al. Shifts in malaria vector species composition and transmission dynamics along the Kenyan coast over the past 20 years. Malar J. 2013;12:13.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5480_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224718","volume":"15","author":"MG Machani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Machani MG, Ochomo E, Amimo F, Kosgei J, Munga S, Zhou G, et al. Resting behaviour of malaria vectors in highland and lowland sites of western Kenya: implication on malaria vector control measures. PLoS ONE. 2020;15: e0224718.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5480_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2021003","volume":"28","author":"R Bamou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bamou R, Kopya E, Nkahe LD, Menze BD, Awono-Ambene P, Tchuinkam T, et al. Increased prevalence of insecticide resistance in Anopheles coluzzii populations in the city of Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon and influence on pyrethroid-only treated bed net efficacy. Parasite. 2021;28:8.","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"5480_CR73","unstructured":"Institut National de la Statistique, Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme, The DHS Program Rockville, Maryland, USA. Enqu\u00eate sur les Indicateurs du Paludisme au Cameroun en 2022. 2023. https:\/\/www.dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/PR145\/PR145FR.pdf"},{"key":"5480_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-340","volume":"6","author":"FG Kabbale","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kabbale FG, Akol AM, Kaddu JB, Onapa AW. Biting patterns and seasonality of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato and Anopheles funestus mosquitoes in Kamuli District, Uganda. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:340.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5480_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-67","volume":"12","author":"A Gn\u00e9m\u00e9","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gn\u00e9m\u00e9 A, Guelb\u00e9ogo WM, Riehle MM, Tiono AB, Diarra A, Kabr\u00e9 GB, et al. Plasmodium species occurrence, temporal distribution and interaction in a child-aged population in rural Burkina Faso. Malar J. 2013;12:67.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5480_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08698-8","volume":"23","author":"S Natchema","year":"2023","unstructured":"Natchema S, Fonkou B, Tchouakui M, Menze BD, Mugenzi LMJ, Fofie D, Nguiffo-Nguete D, et al. Entomological longitudinal surveys in two contrasted eco-climatic settings in Cameroon reveal a high malaria transmission from Anopheles funestus associated with GSTe2 metabolic resistance. BMC Infect Dis. 2023;23:738.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"5480_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-023-00529-5","volume":"51","author":"A Assa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Assa A, Eligo N, Massebo F. Anopheles mosquito diversity, entomological indicators of malaria transmission and challenges of morphological identification in southwestern Ethiopia. Trop Med Health. 2023;51:38.","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"key":"5480_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04745-y","volume":"14","author":"LB Feufack-Donfack","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feufack-Donfack LB, Sarah-Matio EM, Abate LM, Bouopda Tuedom AG, Ngano Bayib\u00e9ki A, Maffo Ngou C, et al. Epidemiological and entomological studies of malaria transmission in Tibati, Adamawa region of Cameroon 6 years following the introduction of long-lasting insecticide nets. Parasit Vectors. 2021;14:247.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5480_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3390\/insects14030231","volume":"14","author":"RA Oss\u00e8","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oss\u00e8 RA, Tokponnon F, Padonou GG, Glitho ME, Sidick A, Fassinou A, et al. Evidence of transmission of Plasmodium vivax 210 and Plasmodium vivax 247 by Anopheles gambiae and An. coluzzii, major malaria vectors in Benin\/West Africa. Insects. 2023;14:231.","journal-title":"Insects"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05480-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05480-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05480-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T21:46:33Z","timestamp":1757367993000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05480-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5480"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05480-w","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5558659\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Consent to publish has been obtained from all participating individuals in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"251"}}