{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T01:20:50Z","timestamp":1793755250716,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-025-05515-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T11:31:42Z","timestamp":1761046302000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fighting malaria in Shangla District, Pakistan: insight into epidemiology, risk factors, and strategic control measures (2020\u20132024)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ihsan","family":"Ullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruqia Mehmood","family":"Baig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aayesha","family":"Riaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Mukhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Ajmal","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afia","family":"Zaib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazar","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salahuddin","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajaz","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa Maria","family":"Del Angel Nunez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"5515_CR1","volume":"10","author":"A Rehman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rehman A, Hussain M, Ahmad S, Khan I. Malaria prevalence in Pakistan: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2006\u20132021). Prev Med Rep. 2023;10: 10133748.","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"5515_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.01.013","volume":"191","author":"DK Sarma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sarma DK, Prakash A, O\u2019Loughlin SM, Bhattacharyya DR, Mohapatra PK, Mahanta J. Seasonal prevalence of Anopheles mosquitoes and their association with meteorological factors in northeastern India. Acta Trop. 2019;191:243\u201351.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"5515_CR3","unstructured":"Directorate of Malaria Control (DMC), Pakistan. Malaria Annual Report. 2023."},{"key":"5515_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7030045","volume":"7","author":"A Ahmed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahmed A, Khan H, Shah S. Epidemiological impact of labor migration on vector-borne diseases in northern Pakistan. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2022;7:45\u201354.","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"5515_CR5","first-page":"102","volume":"20","author":"NH Khan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Khan NH, Bile KM, Qazi J. Malaria control in Pakistan: new tools at hand but challenging epidemiological realities. East Mediterr Health J. 2011;20:102\u201310.","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"5515_CR6","volume":"20","author":"MB Khan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khan MB, Hussain S, Iqbal Z. Socioeconomic determinants of malaria in rural Pakistan. Malar J. 2021;20: 112.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5515_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0602.000202","volume":"6","author":"P Martens","year":"2000","unstructured":"Martens P, Hall L. Malaria on the move: human population movement and disease transmission. Emerg Infect Dis. 2000;6:103\u20139.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"5515_CR8","unstructured":"Basharat R. Pakistan almost halves malaria cases in five years. Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance; 2022. https:\/\/www.gavi.org\/vaccineswork\/pakistan-almost-halves-malaria-cases-five-years. Accessed 10 July 2024."},{"key":"5515_CR9","unstructured":"WHO. Malaria microscopy quality assurance manual. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/204266. Accessed 10 July 2024."},{"key":"5515_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0648-y","volume":"21","author":"J Rockl\u00f6v","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rockl\u00f6v J, Dubrow R. Climate change: an enduring challenge for vector-borne disease prevention and control. Nat Immunol. 2020;21:479\u201383.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"5515_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra043442","volume":"353","author":"BJ Bain","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bain BJ. Diagnosis from the blood smear. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:498\u2013507.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5515_CR12","unstructured":"WHO. Malaria rapid diagnostic test performance: results of WHO product testing of malaria RDTs: Round 7 (2015). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/204114. Accessed 10 July 2024"},{"key":"5515_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e142","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30136-5","volume":"20","author":"R Gosling","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gosling R, Okell L. Malaria RDTs: improving access but limiting precision. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20:e142\u20137.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"5515_CR14","unstructured":"Common Management Unit (CMU) for AIDS, TB & Malaria, Pakistan; 2023. www.cmu.gov.pk. Accessed 10 July 2024."},{"key":"5515_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268825000111","volume":"153","author":"SH Fatima","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fatima SH, Zaidi F, Rafiq J, Bhandari D, Ali A, Bi P. Impact of temperatures on malaria incidence in vulnerable regions of Pakistan: empirical evidence and future projections. Epidemiol Infect. 2025;153: e33.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"5515_CR16","unstructured":"Abbott Diagnostics. SD BIOLINE Malaria Ag P.f\/P.v package insert; 2022. https:\/\/www.globalpointofcare.abbott. Accessed 10 July 2024."},{"key":"5515_CR17","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Malaria diagnosis (United States); 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/malaria\/diagnosis_treatment\/diagnosis.html. Accessed 10 July 2024"},{"key":"5515_CR18","first-page":"187","volume":"52","author":"V Dev","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dev V, Phookan S, Sharma VP, Anand SP. Physiological responses of Anopheles species to changing climate and their role in malaria transmission dynamics in northeastern India. J Vector Borne Dis. 2015;52:187\u201394.","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"key":"5515_CR19","first-page":"45","volume":"13","author":"S Ali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ali S, Khan A, Malik S. Climate change and malaria expansion in Pakistan: a spatiotemporal analysis. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2023;13:45\u201359.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"5515_CR20","first-page":"131","volume":"390","author":"NJ White","year":"2014","unstructured":"White NJ, Imwong M, Dondorp AM. Plasmodium vivax relapse. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2014;390:131\u201351.","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"5515_CR21","first-page":"250","volume":"26","author":"MK Das","year":"2021","unstructured":"Das MK, Laman M, Moore L, Benjamin JM, Yadi G, Bona C, et al. Operational challenges and opportunities for malaria elimination. Trop Med Int Health. 2021;26:250\u201363.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"5515_CR22","unstructured":"WHO. World Malaria Report 2023. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240079923. Accessed 10 July 2024."},{"key":"5515_CR23","unstructured":"Ministry of National Health Services, Regulation & Coordination (MoNHSR&C). National malaria strategic plan 2021\u20132035; 2021."},{"key":"5515_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30324-6","volume":"391","author":"EA Ashley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ashley EA, Phyo AP, Woodrow CJ. Malaria. Lancet. 2023;391:1608\u201321.","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05515-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05515-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05515-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:03:53Z","timestamp":1761091433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05515-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5515"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05515-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"353"}}