{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:27:21Z","timestamp":1791390441912,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-025-05584-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T12:53:45Z","timestamp":1760446425000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Prevalence of malaria infection and associated factors among children under five years attending health facilities in the Nandom Municipality, Upper West Region, Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Stephen","family":"Boadu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyril Kwami","family":"Azornu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wisdom","family":"Axame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel Osei","family":"Bonsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rukaya","family":"Wumnaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Yidana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Williams Azumah","family":"Abanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Sarpomaa Asante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael Rockson","family":"Adjei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrysantus","family":"Kubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"5584_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-malaria-programme\/reports\/world-malaria-report. Accessed on 06 Jun 2024."},{"key":"5584_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0254-7","volume":"13","author":"RW Snow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Snow RW. Global malaria eradication and the importance of Plasmodium falciparum epidemiology in Africa. BMC Med. 2015;13:23.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"5584_CR3","unstructured":"Zekar L, Sharman T. Plasmodium falciparum malaria. StatPearls Publishing [Internet]. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK555962\/. Accessed on 12 Sept 2025."},{"key":"5584_CR4","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report 2024. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024. https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-malaria-programme\/reports\/world-malaria-report-2024. Accessed on 08 Jan 2025."},{"key":"5584_CR5","unstructured":"WHO. Global technical strategy for malaria 2016\u20132030. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/rest\/bitstreams\/1357541\/retrieve. Accessed on 8 Dec 2024."},{"key":"5584_CR6","unstructured":"WHO, Global Malaria Programme. Geneva: World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-malaria-programme\/case-management\/diagnosis\/rapid-diagnostic-tests. Accessed on 22 Jul 2025."},{"key":"5584_CR7","unstructured":"WHO. Universal access to malaria diagnostic testing: an operational manual. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/44657. Accessed on 2 May 2024."},{"key":"5584_CR8","unstructured":"WHO. Larval source management \u2013 a supplementary measure for malaria vector control. An operational manual. Geneva: World Health Organization. http:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/publications\/atoz\/9789241505604\/en\/. Accessed on 17 Jul 2025."},{"key":"5584_CR9","unstructured":"WHO. Seasonal malaria chemoprevention with sulfadoxine\u2013pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine in children: a field guide. Geneva: World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240073692. Accessed on 22 Jul 2025"},{"key":"5584_CR10","unstructured":"WHO. Policy brief for the implementation of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy using sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP). Geneva: World Health Organization, 2014."},{"key":"5584_CR11","unstructured":"Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) and ICF 2023. Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 2022 Key Indicators Report. Accra, Ghana and Rockville, USA: GSS and ICF 2023."},{"key":"5584_CR12","unstructured":"Ghana Statistical Service (GSS). Ghana 2021 population and housing census. Accra, Ghana, 2022 https:\/\/www.citypopulation.de\/en\/ghana\/admin\/upper_west\/1011__nandom\/ Accessed on 5 Dec 2023."},{"key":"5584_CR13","unstructured":"Nandom MHD. Nandom municipal health directorate 2022 half year review report. Nandom, Ghana; 2022."},{"key":"5584_CR14","volume-title":"Sampling techniques","author":"WG Cochran","year":"1977","unstructured":"Cochran WG. Sampling techniques. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1977.","edition":"3"},{"key":"5584_CR15","unstructured":"Ministry of Health (MOH), Ghana Health Service (GHS), National Malaria Elimination Programme. National Malaria Elimination Strategic Plan of Ghana 2024\u20132028. 2024. https:\/\/mesamalaria.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/NMEP-STRATEGIC-PLAN-2024-2028.pdf. Accessed on 2 Feb 2025."},{"key":"5584_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S223873","volume":"13","author":"A Abossie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abossie A, Yohanes T, Nedu A, Tafesse W, Damitie M. Prevalence of malaria and associated risk factors among febrile children under five years: a cross-sectional study in Arba Minch Zuria district, south Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist. 2020;13:363\u201372.","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"5584_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0276899","volume":"17","author":"H Debash","year":"2022","unstructured":"Debash H, Bisetegn H, Ebrahim H, Feleke DG, Gedefie A, Tilahun M, et al. Prevalence and associated risk factors of malaria among febrile under-five children visiting health facilities in Ziquala district, Northeast Ethiopia: a multicenter cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2022;17:e0276899.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5584_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.6316","volume":"9","author":"VN Orish","year":"2015","unstructured":"Orish VN, Ansong JY, Anagi IB, Onyeabor OS, Sanyaolu AO, Iriemenam NC. Malaria and associated co-morbidity in children admitted with fever manifestation in Western Ghana: a retrospective study. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2015;9:1257\u201363.","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"5584_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.51745\/najfnr.4.8.285-291","volume":"4","author":"W Dormechele","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dormechele W, Wak GP, Zotor F. Prevalence and trend of malaria with anemia among under-five children in Jasikan District, Ghana. North Afr J Food Nutr Res. 2020;4:285\u201391.","journal-title":"North Afr J Food Nutr Res"},{"key":"5584_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03946","volume":"6","author":"RT Gaston","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gaston RT, Ramroop S. Prevalence of and factors associated with malaria in children under five years of age in Malawi, using malaria indicator survey data. Heliyon. 2020;6:e03946.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"5584_CR21","unstructured":"Bah MS. The relationship between malaria status in under-five children and some household demographic, socioeconomic and environmental factors associated with the disease in Sierra Leone. Thesis, Georgia State University, 2020"},{"key":"5584_CR22","first-page":"100004","volume":"2","author":"AT Bawah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bawah AT, Nyakpo KT, Ussher FA, Alidu H, Dzogbo JJ, Agbemenya S, et al. Hematological profile of children under five years with malaria at the Ho Municipality of Ghana. Edorium J Pediatr. 2018;2:100004\u20139.","journal-title":"Edorium J Pediatr"},{"key":"5584_CR23","unstructured":"Ministry of Food and Agriculture. Savannah agriculture value chain development project; environmental and social impact assessment Nandom Municipality sub project. Nandom; 2022. https:\/\/mofa.gov.gh\/site\/media-centre\/advertisement\/94-sadep-spn\/424-savannah-agriculture-value-chain-development-project-sadep-general-procument-notice-gpn Accessed on 3 Oct 2023."},{"key":"5584_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386587","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1386587","volume":"2020","author":"E Kyei-Baafour","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kyei-Baafour E, Tornyigah B, Buade B, Bimi L, Oduro AR, Koram KA, et al. Impact of an irrigation dam on the transmission and diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in a seasonal malaria transmission area of Northern Ghana. J Trop Med. 2020;2020:1386587.","journal-title":"J Trop Med"},{"key":"5584_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18042119","volume":"18","author":"PE Obasohan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Obasohan PE, Walters SJ, Jacques RKK. A scoping review of selected studies on predictor variables associated with the malaria status among children under five years in sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:2119.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"5584_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-025-05368-9","volume":"24","author":"H Merga","year":"2025","unstructured":"Merga H, Degefa T, Birhanu Z, Tadele A, Lee MC, Yan G, et al. Urban malaria in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review of epidemiologic studies. Malar J. 2025;24:131.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5584_CR27","unstructured":"Tembo L, Sialubanje C, Malasa M, Heilmann ES, Sinyange N, Nawa M. Factors associated with malaria infection in under five children, Zambia, 2018. A secondary analysis of the malaria indicator survey. medRxiv. 2018. (preprint)."},{"key":"5584_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605347","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2023.1605347","volume":"68","author":"IS Sere","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sere IS, Bado AR. Individual and contextual factors associated with malaria among children 6\u201359 months in Burkina Faso. Int J Public Health. 2023;68:1605347.","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"5584_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7975","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17217975","volume":"17","author":"F Habyarimana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Habyarimana F, Ramroop S. Prevalence and risk factors associated with malaria among children aged six months to 14 years old in Rwanda: evidence from 2017 Rwanda malaria indicator survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:7975.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"5584_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5428-3","volume":"18","author":"C Afoakwah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Afoakwah C, Deng X, Onur I. Malaria infection among children under-five: the use of large-scale interventions in Ghana. BMC Public Health. 2018;18:536.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"5584_CR31","first-page":"1689","volume":"1","author":"F Savira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Savira F, Suharsono Y. Children and malaria: treating and protecting the most vulnerable. J Chem Inf Model. 2013;1:1689\u201399.","journal-title":"J Chem Inf Model"},{"key":"5584_CR32","first-page":"137","volume":"22","author":"CJ Mba","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mba CJ, Aboh IK. Prevalence and management of malaria in Ghana: a case study of Volta Region. Afr Popul Stud. 2007;22:137\u201365.","journal-title":"Afr Popul Stud"},{"key":"5584_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)02038-2","volume":"349","author":"RW Snow","year":"1997","unstructured":"Snow RW, Omumbo JA, Lowe B, Molyneux CS, Obiero JO, Palmer A, et al. Relation between severe malaria morbidity in children and level of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Africa. Lancet. 1997;349:1650\u20134.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5584_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40794-016-0027-8","volume":"2","author":"B Hanboonkunupakarn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hanboonkunupakarn B, White NJ. The threat of anti-malarial drug resistance. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines. 2016;2:10.","journal-title":"Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines"},{"key":"5584_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246895","volume":"16","author":"A Ahmed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmed A, Mulatu K, Elfu B. Prevalence of malaria and associated factors among under-five children in Sherkole refugee camp, Benishangul-Gumuz region, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0246895.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5584_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04683-3","volume":"22","author":"CN Ujuju","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ujuju CN, Mokuolu OA, Nwafor-Okoli C, Nnamani KO. Unravelling factors associated with malaria parasitaemia among children 6\u201324 months to inform malaria interventions in Nigeria: evidence from 2021 malaria indicator survey. Malar J. 2023;22:247.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5584_CR37","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2021. https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-malaria-programme\/reports\/world-malaria-report-2021. Accessed on 13 May 2024."},{"key":"5584_CR38","volume":"1","author":"M Kweku","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kweku M, Takramah W, Takase M, Adjuik M. Factors associated with malaria prevalence among children under five years in the Hohoe Municipality of Ghana. J Transm Dis Immun. 2017;1:9.","journal-title":"J Transm Dis Immun"},{"key":"5584_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1798-8","volume":"16","author":"I Mitiku","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mitiku I, Assefa A. Caregivers\u2019 perception of malaria and treatment-seeking behaviour for under five children in Mandura District, West Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Malar J. 2017;16:144.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5584_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2009.11.005","volume":"95","author":"TA Okeke","year":"2010","unstructured":"Okeke TA, Okeibunor JC. Rural\u2013urban differences in health-seeking for the treatment of childhood malaria in south-east Nigeria. Health Policy. 2010;95:62\u20138.","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"5584_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0897","volume":"103","author":"A Hooft","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hooft A, Nabukalu D, Mwanga-Amumpaire J, Gardiner MA, Sundararajan R. Factors motivating traditional healer versus biomedical facility use for treatment of pediatric febrile illness: results from a qualitative study in Southwestern Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;103:501\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05584-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05584-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05584-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T01:04:10Z","timestamp":1760490250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05584-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5584"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05584-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was granted ethical clearance by the Navrongo Health Research Centre Institutional Review Board with an approval ID NHRCIRB619. Before data collection, formal permission to conduct the study was granted by the Nandom Municipal Health Directorate and the Medical Director of St Theresa\u2019s Hospital. Caregivers agreed to participate by signing or thumbprinting the informed consent forms to volunteer their participation together with their children. The study was conducted in line with all protocols for human subjects.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"334"}}