{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T05:54:16Z","timestamp":1794030856313,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-025-05658-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T14:23:30Z","timestamp":1763735010000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Adherence to severe malaria treatment guidelines in Northern Uganda: a mixed-methods study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Zainab","family":"Akello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Oloro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie Francoise","family":"Mukanyangezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domina","family":"Asingizwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"5658_CR1","volume-title":"World malaria report 2023","author":"WHO","year":"2023","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report 2023. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023."},{"key":"5658_CR2","unstructured":"WHO. Malaria Fact-Sheet 2023. 2023. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/malaria. Accessed 9 May 2024."},{"key":"5658_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31096-7","volume":"394","author":"KE Battle","year":"2019","unstructured":"Battle KE, Lucas TCD, Nguyen M, Howes RE, Nandi AK, Twohig KA, et al. Mapping the global endemicity and clinical burden of Plasmodium vivax, 2000\u201317: a spatial and temporal modelling study. Lancet. 2019;394:332\u201343.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5658_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002220","volume":"3","author":"D Bulafu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bulafu D, Nagawa Tamale B, Ninsiima LR, Baguma JN, Namakula LN, Niyongabo F, et al. Adherence to malaria treatment guidelines among health care workers in private health facilities in Kampala\u2019s informal settlements, Uganda. PLoS Glob Public Health. 2023;3:e0002220.","journal-title":"PLoS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"5658_CR5","unstructured":"Uganda Ministry of Health. The Uganda malaria reduction and elimination strategic plan 2021\u20132025. Kampala: Uganda. 2020. https:\/\/mesamalaria.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/UGANDA-Malaria-Profile-PMI-FY-2024.pdf."},{"key":"5658_CR6","unstructured":"WHO. World Malaria Report 2024: Addressing inequity in the global malaria response. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2024. https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-malaria-programme\/reports\/world-malaria-report-2024."},{"key":"5658_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.19026\/bjpt.4.5390","volume":"4","author":"A Ogah","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ogah A, Ezeonwumelu J, Okoruwa A, Adiukwu C, Ajayi A, Akib S. Manifestations of severe malaria among the under-five children attending Kampala international university teaching hospital, Bushenyi, western Uganda: pilot study. Br J Pharmacol Toxicol. 2013;4:128\u201335.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"5658_CR8","unstructured":"PMI. PUSPSMI. Uganda. Malaria Operational Plan FY 2023. https:\/\/d1u4sg1s9ptc4z.cloudfront.net\/uploads\/2023\/01\/FY-2023-Uganda-MOP.pdf. 2023."},{"key":"5658_CR9","unstructured":"Uganda MoH. Uganda eHMISUganda's Electronic Health Information System. 2024. https:\/\/hmis.health.go.ug."},{"key":"5658_CR10","unstructured":"Uganda Ministry of Health. Uganda\u2019s Electronic Health Information System. Kampala: Uganda. https:\/\/www.cphl.go.ug\/web\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-10\/National%20eHMIS%20Data%20Reository%20User%20Manual.pdf."},{"key":"5658_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.03.004","volume":"121","author":"A Yeka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yeka A, Gasasira A, Mpimbaza A, Achan J, Nankabirwa J, Nsobya S, et al. Malaria in Uganda: challenges to control on the long road to elimination: I. Epidemiology and current control efforts. Acta Trop. 2012;121:184\u201395.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"5658_CR12","unstructured":"Uganda Ministry of Health. Uganda National Malaria Control Policy. 2011. https:\/\/library.health.go.ug\/sites\/default\/files\/resources\/Uganda%20National%20Malaria%20Control%20Policy%202011.pdf."},{"key":"5658_CR13","volume-title":"Guidelines for malaria 30 November 2024","author":"WHO","year":"2024","unstructured":"WHO. Guidelines for malaria 30 November 2024. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024."},{"key":"5658_CR14","volume-title":"Trends in maternal mortality 2000 to 2017: estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division","author":"WHO","year":"2019","unstructured":"WHO. Trends in maternal mortality 2000 to 2017: estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019."},{"key":"5658_CR15","unstructured":"Malaria Consortium. Supporting Uganda\u2019s Malaria Reduction and Elimination Strategy (SUMRES). Working towards malaria-free districts in Uganda. 2023. www.malariaconsortium.org\/media-library\/media-files\/202201261145supportingugandasmalariareductionandeliminationstrategysumres.pdf."},{"key":"5658_CR16","volume":"16","author":"KD Fentaw","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fentaw KD, Fenta SM, Biresaw HB. Prevalence and associated factors of substance use male population in east African countries: a multilevel analysis of recent demographic and health surveys from 2015 to 2019. Subst Abuse. 2022;16:11782218221101011.","journal-title":"Subst Abuse"},{"key":"5658_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3495-x","volume":"16","author":"OF Bamiselu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bamiselu OF, Ajayi I, Fawole O, Dairo D, Ajumobi O, Oladimeji A, et al. Adherence to malaria diagnosis and treatment guidelines among healthcare workers in Ogun State, Nigeria. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:828.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"5658_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1153-5","volume":"15","author":"C Bawate","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bawate C, Callender-Carter ST, Nsajju B, Bwayo D. Factors affecting adherence to national malaria treatment guidelines in management of malaria among public healthcare workers in Kamuli District, Uganda. Malar J. 2016;15:112.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5658_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-340","volume":"10","author":"FA Abanyie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Abanyie FA, Arguin PM, Gutman J. State of malaria diagnostic testing at clinical laboratories in the United States, 2010: a nationwide survey. Malar J. 2011;10:340.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5658_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-371","volume":"12","author":"M Littrell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Littrell M, Miller JM, Ndhlovu M, Hamainza B, Hawela M, Kamuliwo M, et al. Documenting malaria case management coverage in Zambia: a systems effectiveness approach. Malar J. 2013;12:371.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5658_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-1072-x","volume":"15","author":"HM Ntuku","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ntuku HM, Ferrari G, Burri C, Tshefu AK, Kalemwa DM, Lengeler C. Feasibility and acceptability of injectable artesunate for the treatment of severe malaria in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Malar J. 2016;15:18.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5658_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01823.x","volume":"12","author":"U Mehta","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mehta U, Durrheim D, Blumberg L, Donohue S, Hansford F, Mabuza A, et al. Malaria deaths as sentinel events to monitor healthcare delivery and antimalarial drug safety. Trop Med Int Health. 2007;12:617\u201328.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"5658_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04379-0","volume":"21","author":"MD Argaw","year":"2022","unstructured":"Argaw MD, Mavundla TR, Gidebo KD, Desta BF, Damte HD, Mebratu W, et al. Adherence of healthcare providers to malaria case management guidelines of the formal private sector in north-western Ethiopia: an implication for malaria control and elimination. Malar J. 2022;21:347.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5658_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1918583","volume":"2020","author":"A Budimu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Budimu A, Emidi B, Mkumbaye S, Kajeguka DC. Adherence, awareness, access, and use of standard diagnosis and treatment guideline for malaria case management among healthcare workers in Meatu, Tanzania. J Trop Med. 2020;2020:1918583.","journal-title":"J Trop Med"},{"key":"5658_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2577-x","volume":"17","author":"H Kaula","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kaula H, Kiconco S, Nu\u00f1ez L. Cross-sectional study on the adherence to malaria guidelines in lakeshore facilities of Buyende and Kaliro districts, Uganda. Malar J. 2018;17:432.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5658_CR26","unstructured":"Uganda Ministry of Health. National Guidelines for Management of Common Health Conditions. Uganda Clinical Guidelines 2023. https:\/\/library.health.go.ug\/uganda-clinical-guidelines-2023."},{"key":"5658_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.36348\/gajll.2023.v05i01.002","volume":"5","author":"LR Sharma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sharma LR, Bidari S, Bidari D, Neupane S, Sapkota R. Exploring the mixed methods research design: types, purposes, strengths, challenges, and criticisms. Glob Acad J Linguist Literature. 2023;5:3\u201312.","journal-title":"Glob Acad J Linguist Literature"},{"key":"5658_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04507-4","volume":"22","author":"CA Moffitt","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moffitt CA, Olupot-Olupot P, Onen JW, O\u2019Brien N. Adherence to severe malaria treatment guidelines in children at a Ugandan regional hospital: a baseline assessment for a malaria treatment quality improvement project. Malar J. 2023;22:67.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5658_CR29","first-page":"2022","volume-title":"Malaria case management: diagnostic testing and treatment. WHO Guidelines for Malaria, 2022 Update","author":"WHO","year":"2022","unstructured":"WHO. Malaria case management: diagnostic testing and treatment. WHO Guidelines for Malaria, 2022 Update. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. p. 2022."},{"key":"5658_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04365-6","volume":"21","author":"AS Kolekang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kolekang AS, Afrane Y, Apanga S, Zurovac D, Kwarteng A, Afari-Asiedu S, et al. Challenges with adherence to the \u201ctest, treat, and track\u201d malaria case management guideline among prescribers in Ghana. Malar J. 2022;21:332.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5658_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04206-6","volume":"21","author":"Y Gindola","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gindola Y, Getahun D, Sugerman D, Tongren E, Tokarz R, Wossen M, et al. Adherence to national malaria clinical management and testing guidelines in selected private clinics of Gambela Town, Gambela Region, Ethiopia: a mixed method study. Malar J. 2022;21:164.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5658_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04744-7","volume":"22","author":"FO Odhiambo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Odhiambo FO, O\u2019Meara WP, Abade A, Owiny M, Odhiambo F, Oyugi EO. Adherence to national malaria treatment guidelines in private drug outlets: a cross-sectional survey in the malaria-endemic Kisumu County, Kenya. Malar J. 2023;22:307.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5658_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04093-x","volume":"21","author":"B Amboko","year":"2022","unstructured":"Amboko B, Stepniewska K, Machini B, Bejon P, Snow RW, Zurovac D. Factors influencing health workers\u2019 compliance with outpatient malaria \u2018test and treat\u2019 guidelines during the plateauing performance phase in Kenya, 2014\u20132016. Malar J. 2022;21:68.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5658_CR34","unstructured":"WHO. Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. 3rd edition. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2015. https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/publications\/guidelines-treatment-malaria-third-edition."},{"issue":"1","key":"5658_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06257-y","volume":"21","author":"K Wiedenmayer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wiedenmayer K, Ombaka E, Kabudi B, Canavan R, Rajkumar S, Chilunda F, et al. Adherence to standard treatment guidelines among prescribers in primary healthcare facilities in the Dodoma region of Tanzania. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021;21(1):272.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"5658_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7262.698","volume":"321","author":"P White","year":"2000","unstructured":"White P. Doctors and nurses. Let\u2019s celebrate the difference between doctors and nurses. BMJ. 2000;321:698.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"5658_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-275","volume":"8","author":"AK Rowe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rowe AK, de Le\u00f3n GFP, Mihigo J, Santelli ACFS, Miller NP, Van-D\u00fanem P. Quality of malaria case management at outpatient health facilities in Angola. Malar J. 2009;8:275.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5658_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-04998-9","volume":"23","author":"S Khalid Mohamed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khalid Mohamed S, Khalid Mohamed D, Ahmed K, Saad F, Zurovac D. Health workers\u2019 adherence to malaria case management protocols in northern Sudan: a qualitative study. Malar J. 2024;23:170.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5658_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257600","volume":"16","author":"UI Omale","year":"2021","unstructured":"Omale UI. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of the National guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of malaria among medical doctors in Ebonyi state, Nigeria: a cross-sectional survey. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0257600.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5658_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-144","volume":"9","author":"J Chuma","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chuma J, Okungu V, Molyneux C. Barriers to prompt and effective malaria treatment among the poorest population in Kenya. Malar J. 2010;9:144.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5658_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-308","volume":"11","author":"LK Allen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Allen LK, Hatfield JM, DeVetten G, Ho JC, Manyama M. Reducing malaria misdiagnosis: the importance of correctly interpreting Paracheck Pf\u00ae \u201cfaint test bands\u201d in a low transmission area of Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:308.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05658-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05658-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05658-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T14:23:34Z","timestamp":1763735014000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05658-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5658"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05658-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Approval and clearance to carry on the study were sought from Makerere University School of Health Sciences Research and Ethics Committee (Approval Number: MAKSHSREC-2024-761). Administrative clearance was also obtained from the District Health Officers (DHO) for the districts where these hospitals are located and facility in charges\/administrators for the hospitals visited. Informed consent was not obtained as the study involved retrospective review of anonymized inpatient medical records. However, a waiver of consent to access hospital records was obtained from Makerere University School of Health Sciences Research and Ethics Committee. For qualitative data, written informed consent was provided by each consenting participant. During data presentation, only aggregated figures, not individual information, were presented in order to maintain confidentiality. Only the participants who met the eligibility criteria were interviewed by the researcher.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"417"}}