{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T13:46:11Z","timestamp":1769175971530,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":35,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vector control is the most important malaria prevention strategy in Zambia. Attractive Targeted Sugar Baits (ATSB) are a potential new tool for vector control in this setting, which, if efficacious, would be intended to supplement insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). ATSBs target and kill sugar feeding mosquitoes, potentially limiting the spread of malaria. No information on the cost or cost-effectiveness of deployment of ATSB stations is currently available.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cluster randomized control trial (cRCT) was carried out in Western Province, Zambia to assess the efficacy of Sarabi v.1.2 ATSB stations in a highly malarious setting. Costs associated with the procurement, distribution, maintenance, and disposal of the ATSB stations were collected over a two-year period. These costs were assessed alongside the main trial efficacy outcomes to determine cost-effectiveness and potential budget impact on the deployment of ATSB stations in this setting. Total costs, incremental costs, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) and budget impact were estimated using trial data. One-way, scenario and probabilistic sensitivity analysis were performed to further determine the impact of assumptions and uncertainty on cost-effectiveness estimates, and the potential cost implications of alternative deployment scenarios. Sub-group analysis was performed to determine the impact of deployment in settings with the most favorable effect scenarios.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The total cost of the intervention in the context of the cRCT was USD 1,261,515. ATSB cost accounted for 46% of the total cost followed by personnel (25%), supplies and transport (13% each), equipment (2%) and storage (1%). Over the two year (14-month intervention) this resulted in an estimated ICER of USD 79 per malaria incident case averted or USD 919 per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted and USD 10.08 per person-year protected. In a subset of high-density ATSB clusters ICER was USD 42 per incident case averted and USD 493 per DALY averted and USD 4.35 per person-year protected. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis indicated that deployment in areas with higher structure density may be more cost-effective, especially if potential cost-savings are considered. However, effect estimates in this subgroup were highly uncertain and not statistically significant. While the scenario appeared more cost-effective than the base case on the cost-effectiveness acceptability curve (CEAC), the probability of cost-effectiveness reached only around 70%, falling short of the commonly used 80% threshold and remaining relatively weak.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ATSB Sarabi v.1.2 as deployed in western Zambia were not likely to be cost -effective. ATSB would need to demonstrate higher or more certain efficacy along with affordable alternative distribution strategies prior to any deployment at scale.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Trial registration<\/jats:italic>\n                      The trial is registered on clinicaltrials.gov under registration number: NCT04800055.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-025-05716-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T07:54:08Z","timestamp":1766130848000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cost and cost-effectiveness of attractive targeted sugar baits (ATSB) in the context of a phase III cluster randomized control trial in Western Province, Zambia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04800055","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Brooke","family":"Mancuso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Orange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas P.","family":"Eisele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth A.","family":"Ashton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Littrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mulenga","family":"Matches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javan","family":"Chanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sosenna","family":"Assefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Wagman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kafula","family":"Silumbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Busiku","family":"Hamainza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kochelani","family":"Saili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Slutsker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Yukich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"5716_CR1","volume-title":"World malaria report 2024","author":"WHO","year":"2024","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report 2024. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024."},{"key":"5716_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006499","volume":"13","author":"H Alout","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alout H, Roche B, Dabir\u00e9 RK, Cohuet A. Consequences of insecticide resistance on malaria transmission. PLoS Pathog. 2017;13:e1006499.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"5716_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.105837","volume":"216","author":"T Degefa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Degefa T, Githeko AK, Lee MC, Yan G, Yewhalaw D. Patterns of human exposure to early evening and outdoor biting mosquitoes and residual malaria transmission in Ethiopia. Acta Trop. 2021;216:105837.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"5716_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12314","volume":"19","author":"C Sokhna","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sokhna C, Ndiath MO, Rogier C. The changes in mosquito vector behaviour and the emerging resistance to insecticides will challenge the decline of malaria. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013;19:902\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"5716_CR5","volume-title":"Malaria indicator survey, Zambia","author":"Zambia Ministry of Health","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zambia Ministry of Health. Malaria indicator survey, Zambia. Lusaka: Ministry of Health; 2021."},{"key":"5716_CR6","volume-title":"National Malaria elimination strategic plan","author":"Zambia Ministry of Health","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zambia Ministry of Health. National Malaria elimination strategic plan. Lusaka: Ministry of Health; 2022."},{"key":"5716_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-04985-0","volume":"23","author":"A Arnzen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arnzen A, Wagman J, Chishya C, Orange E, Eisele TP, Yukich J, et al. Characteristics of the Western Province, Zambia, trial site for evaluation of attractive targeted sugar baits for malaria vector control. Malar J. 2024;23:153.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5716_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-3132-0","volume":"19","author":"MM Traore","year":"2020","unstructured":"Traore MM, Junnila A, Traore SF, Doumbia S, Revay EE, Kravchenko VD, et al. Large-scale field trial of attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSB) for the control of malaria vector mosquitoes in Mali, West Africa. Malar J. 2020;19:72.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5716_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03704-3","volume":"20","author":"RA Diarra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Diarra RA, Traore MM, Junnila A, Traore SF, Doumbia S, Revay EE, et al. Testing configurations of attractive toxic sugar bait (ATSB) stations in Mali, West Africa, for improving the control of malaria parasite transmission by vector mosquitoes and minimizing their effect on non-target insects. Malar J. 2021;20:184.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5716_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-1012-9","volume":"14","author":"L Zhu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhu L, Marshall JM, Qualls WA, Schlein Y, McManus JW, Arheart KL, et al. Modelling optimum use of attractive toxic sugar bait stations for effective malaria vector control in Africa. Malar J. 2015;14:492.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5716_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-291","volume":"12","author":"JM Marshall","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marshall JM, White MT, Ghani AC, Schlein Y, Muller GC, Beier JC. Quantifying the mosquito\u2019s sweet tooth: modelling the effectiveness of attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSB) for malaria vector control. Malar J. 2013;12:291.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5716_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03687-1","volume":"20","author":"S Alonso","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alonso S, Chaccour CJ, Wagman J, Candrinho B, Muthoni R, Saifodine A, et al. Cost and cost-effectiveness of indoor residual spraying with pirimiphos-methyl in a high malaria transmission district of Mozambique with high access to standard insecticide-treated nets. Malar J. 2021;20:143.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5716_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-51","volume":"8","author":"JO Yukich","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yukich JO, Zerom M, Ghebremeskel T, Tediosi F, Lengeler C. Costs and cost-effectiveness of vector control in Eritrea using insecticide-treated bed nets. Malar J. 2009;8:51.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5716_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-258","volume":"7","author":"JO Yukich","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yukich JO, Lengeler C, Tediosi F, Brown N, Mulligan JA, Chavasse D, et al. Costs and consequences of large-scale vector control for malaria. Malar J. 2008;7:258.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5716_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-337","volume":"10","author":"MT White","year":"2011","unstructured":"White MT, Conteh L, Cibulskis R, Ghani AC. Costs and cost-effectiveness of malaria control interventions\u2014a systematic review. Malar J. 2011;10:337.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5716_CR16","volume-title":"Guide to cost-effectiveness analysis","author":"WHO","year":"2003","unstructured":"WHO. Guide to cost-effectiveness analysis. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003."},{"key":"5716_CR17","first-page":"678","volume":"10","author":"AH Ralaidovy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ralaidovy AH, Lauer JA, Pretorius C, Bri\u00ebt OJ, Patouillard E. Priority setting in HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria: new cost-effectiveness results from WHO-CHOICE. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2021;10:678\u201396.","journal-title":"Int J Health Policy Manag"},{"key":"5716_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06555-8","volume":"23","author":"ATSB Phase III Trials Partners","year":"2022","unstructured":"ATSB Phase III Trials Partners. Attractive targeted sugar bait phase III trials in Kenya, Mali, and Zambia. Trials. 2022;23:640.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"5716_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2021.11.1351","volume":"25","author":"D Husereau","year":"2022","unstructured":"Husereau D, Drummond M, Augustovski F, de Bekker-Grob E, Briggs AH, Carswell C, et al. Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) statement: updated reporting guidance for health economic evaluations. Value Health. 2022;25:3\u20139.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"5716_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-05030-w","volume":"23","author":"E Orange","year":"2024","unstructured":"Orange E, Kyomuhangi I, Masuzyo M, Mwenya M, Mambo P, Saili K, et al. Deployment of attractive targeted sugar baits in western Zambia: installation, monitoring, removal, and disposal procedures during a Phase III cluster randomized controlled trial. Malar J. 2024;23:204.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5716_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04491-9","volume":"22","author":"J Chanda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chanda J, Wagman J, Chanda B, Kaniki T, Ng\u2019andu M, Muyabe R, et al. Feeding rates of malaria vectors from a prototype attractive sugar bait station in Western Province, Zambia: results of an entomological validation study. Malar J. 2023;22:70.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5716_CR22","unstructured":"World currency exchange rate and exchange rate history. 2024. https:\/\/exchange-rates.org."},{"key":"5716_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e712","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00069-8","volume":"3","author":"JA Salomon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Salomon JA, Haagsma JA, Davis A, de Noordhout CM, Polinder S, Havelaar AH, et al. Disability weights for the Global Burden of Disease 2013 study. Lancet Glob Health. 2015;3:e712\u201323.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"5716_CR24","volume-title":"Methods and data sources for global burden of disease estimates 2000\u20132019","author":"WHO","year":"2020","unstructured":"WHO. Methods and data sources for global burden of disease estimates 2000\u20132019. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020."},{"key":"5716_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-05175-8","volume":"23","author":"RA Ashton","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ashton RA, Saili K, Chishya C, Banda Yikona H, Arnzen A, Orange E, et al. Efficacy of attractive targeted sugar bait stations against malaria in Western Province Zambia: epidemiological findings from a two-arm cluster randomized phase III trial. Malar J. 2024;23:343.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5716_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-023-07762-7","volume":"24","author":"J Yukich","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yukich J, Eisele TP, terKuile F, Ashton R, Staedke S, Harris AF, et al. Master statistical analysis plan: attractive targeted sugar bait phase III trials in Kenya, Mali, and Zambia. Trials. 2023;24:771.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"5716_CR27","unstructured":"World Bank Group. GDP per capita (current US$)\u2014Zambia. 2024. https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=ZM."},{"key":"5716_CR28","volume-title":"Report of the WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health","author":"WHO","year":"2002","unstructured":"WHO. Report of the WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002."},{"key":"5716_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-000964","volume":"3","author":"J Ochalek","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ochalek J, Lomas J, Claxton K. Estimating health opportunity costs in low-income and middle-income countries: a novel approach and evidence from cross-country data. BMJ Glob Health. 2018;3:e000964.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"5716_CR30","unstructured":"Bureau of labor statistics. Consumer price index inflation calculator. 2024. https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/data\/inflation_calculator.htm."},{"key":"5716_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2021.01.013","volume":"24","author":"L Conteh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Conteh L, Shuford K, Agboraw E, Kont M, Kolaczinski J, Patouillard E. Costs and cost-effectiveness of malaria control interventions: a systematic literature review. Value Health. 2021;24:1213\u201322.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"5716_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e199","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30475-7","volume":"9","author":"C Gilmartin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gilmartin C, Nonvignon J, Cairns M, Milligan P, Bocoum F, Winskill P, et al. Seasonal malaria chemoprevention in the Sahel subregion of Africa: a cost-effectiveness and cost-savings analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;9:e199\u2013208.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"5716_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0537","volume":"99","author":"R Stelmach","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stelmach R, Cola\u00e7o R, Lalji S, McFarland D, Reithinger R. Cost-effectiveness of indoor residual spraying of households with insecticide for malaria prevention and control in Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;99:627\u201337.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5716_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-025-05316-7","volume":"24","author":"RY Karabo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Karabo RY, Mundia MH, Mwenya M, Saili K, Miller J, Silumbe K, et al. Time to loss of physical integrity of attractive targeted sugar bait (ATSB) stations in Western Province, Zambia: a survival analysis. Malar J. 2025;24:84.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5716_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.15.164418","volume":"94","author":"MY Bertram","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bertram MY, Lauer JA, De Joncheere K, Edejer T, Hutubessy R, Kieny MP, et al. Cost-effectiveness thresholds: pros and cons. Bull World Health Organ. 2016;94:925\u201330.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"5716_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00250-6","volume":"397","author":"ED Sternberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sternberg ED, Cook J, Alou LPA, Assi SB, Koffi AA, Doudou DT, et al. Impact and cost-effectiveness of a lethal house lure against malaria transmission in central C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: a two-arm, cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2021;397:805\u201315.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5716_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106524","volume":"91","author":"S Sarrassat","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sarrassat S, Toure M, Diarra A, Keita M, Coulibaly H, Arou AZ, et al. Evaluation of attractive targeted sugar baits, a new outdoor vector control strategy against malaria: results from a cluster randomised open-label parallel arm controlled trial in Southwestern Mali. J Infect. 2025;91:106524.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"5716_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0004230","author":"C Ogwang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ogwang C, Samuels AM, McDermott DP, Kamau A, Lesosky M, Obiet K, et al. Attractive targeted sugar baits for malaria control in western Kenya (ATSB-Kenya): effect of ATSBs on epidemiologic and entomologic indicators: a phase III, open-label, cluster-randomised, controlled trial. PLoS Glob Public Health. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0004230. (preprint).","journal-title":"PLoS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"5716_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03164-1","volume":"19","author":"SS Scates","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scates SS, Finn TP, Wisniewski J, Dadi D, Mandike R, Khamis M, et al. Costs of insecticide-treated bed net distribution systems in sub-Saharan Africa. Malar J. 2020;19:105.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5716_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12962-017-0072-9","volume":"15","author":"R Gunda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gunda R, Chimbari MJ. Cost-effectiveness analysis of malaria interventions using disability adjusted life years: a systematic review. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2017;15:10.","journal-title":"Cost Eff Resour Alloc"},{"key":"5716_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105229","volume":"202","author":"J Wisniewski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wisniewski J, Acosta A, Kolaczinski J, Koenker H, Yukich J. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the cost and cost-effectiveness of distributing insecticide-treated nets for the prevention of malaria. Acta Trop. 2020;202:105229.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"5716_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e833","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00162-6","volume":"11","author":"A Pichon-Riviere","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pichon-Riviere A, Drummond M, Palacios A, Garcia-Marti S, Augustovski F. Determining the efficiency path to universal health coverage: cost-effectiveness thresholds for 174 countries based on growth in life expectancy and health expenditures. Lancet Glob Health. 2023;11:e833\u201342.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05716-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05716-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05716-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T12:41:32Z","timestamp":1769172092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05716-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5716"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05716-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained from the National Health Research Ethics Board (NHREB) at the University Teaching Hospital (ethical institution of record) in Zambia (Ref # 1197\u20132020), the PATH Research Ethics Committee (Ref # 1460046\u20135), and the Institutional Review Board at Tulane University (Ref # 2019\u2013595).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"54"}}