{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T11:05:33Z","timestamp":1772449533561,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Malaria remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five in Nigeria, with pronounced subnational disparities. This study analyzed the temporal and spatial inequalities in malaria incidence and mortality among children aged 0\u20134\u00a0years across Nigeria\u2019s 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory from 2010 to 2019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Estimates from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) were analyzed using the WHO Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT). Subnational inequalities were quantified using five metrics: coefficient of variation (COV), difference (D), ratio (R), population-attributable risk (PAR), and population-attributable fraction (PAF).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 2010 to 2019, national malaria incidence declined from 103 to 74.5 cases (27.7% reduction), while mortality fell from 477.3 to 237.6 deaths per 100,000 (50.2% reduction). However, progress was uneven. Northern states such as Zamfara, Kano, and Katsina had the highest baseline burden in 2010 (incidence\u2009&gt;\u2009150 per 1000; mortality\u2009&gt;\u2009700 per 100,000) and, despite declines, remained among the most affected in 2019. Southern states including Lagos, Delta, and Anambra consistently recorded lower burdens (incidence\u2009&lt;\u200960 per 1000; mortality\u2009&lt;\u2009300 per 100,000). Subnational inequality narrowed over time, with incidence COV peaking at 46.3% in 2013 before falling to 28.1% in 2019, and mortality COV declining from a 2013 peak of 42.9% to 22.3% in 2019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nigeria\u2019s malaria incidence and mortality among under-five children have decreased, but subnational disparities persist, particularly in northern states, although a reduction in D and R values indicates modest progress in equity, necessitating geographically targeted interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-026-05809-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T20:05:30Z","timestamp":1770062730000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatial and temporal inequalities in malaria incidence and mortality among children aged 0\u20134\u00a0years in Nigeria: a subnational analysis, 2010\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3587-9767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tolutope Adebimpe","family":"Oso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3809-4271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olalekan John","family":"Okesanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2000-7451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uthman Okikiola","family":"Adebayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2172-2866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluwatobi Babajide","family":"Ayelaagbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5991-4052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Mustaf","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2544-7606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalifat Boluwatife","family":"Obadeyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9836-0834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilbert","family":"Eshun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1112-9776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olanrewaju Mustapha","family":"Saliu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2179-6365","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"III","given":"Don Eliseo","family":"Lucero-Prisno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"5809_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glmedi.2024.100059","volume":"2","author":"OJ Okesanya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Okesanya OJ, Atewologun F, Lucero-Prisno DE, Adigun OA, Oso TA, Manirambona E, et al. 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