{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T21:42:08Z","timestamp":1788903728374,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":38,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["INV-002138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-002138"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"African Research Leaders Award","award":["MR\/T008873\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T008873\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Larval source management (LSM) can be highly effective for controlling malaria vectors such as\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles funestus s.s.<\/jats:italic>\n                      , which typically exploit large and permanent aquatic habitats. While these habitats can persist year-round in endemic regions of Africa, their availability and use shift between wet and dry seasons. Understanding these seasonal changes is essential for identifying the habitats that sustain vector populations and for determining when and where LSM would be most effective.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We investigated the availability and use of\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0larval habitats across wet and dry seasons in south-eastern Tanzania, and the environmental factors that influence these patterns. Cross-sectional surveys were conducted in five villages during the dry season (September\u2013November 2021) and rainy season (February\u2013May 2022) to map and characterize aquatic habitats and identify those colonized by\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In total, 2824 aquatic habitats were identified, of which 27% were positive for\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Remotely sensed land cover data and directly measured habitat characteristics were incorporated into generalized linear mixed models to evaluate seasonal and environmental predictors of larval presence and abundance. Larval occurrence and density were significantly influenced by habitat type, village, season, and their interactions, as well as by key physicochemical factors including water depth, vegetation type, algae, water clarity, and water source.\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0was commonly found in river streams, ground pools, and ditches across both seasons. During the wet season, however, it also occupied spring-fed wells, rice fields, and dug pits, indicating broader habitat use.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings demonstrate a clear seasonal shift in larval habitat use by\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , reflecting its ecological adaptability. While the species generally favors permanent habitats, its expanded use of diverse sites in the wet season has important implications for LSM. Targeting persistent habitats during the dry season may offer a more efficient and feasible window for implementing this intervention.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-026-05898-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T12:48:16Z","timestamp":1775911696000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Seasonal variation in aquatic habitat availability and use by the malaria vector, Anopheles funestus"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Najat F.","family":"Kahamba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khamisi","family":"Kifungo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Jumanne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fedra","family":"Trujillano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marceline F.","family":"Finda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betwel","family":"Msugupakulya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Baldini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Nelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredros O.","family":"Okumu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather M.","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"5898_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albertsen, C.M., Whoriskey, K., Yurkowski, D., Nielsen, A., Flemming, J.M., 2015. Fast fitting of non\u2010Gaussian state\u2010space models to animal movement data via Template Model Builder.","DOI":"10.1890\/14-2101.1"},{"key":"5898_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bates D, M\u00e4chler M, Bolker B, Walker S. Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4. J Stat Softw. 2015;67(1):1\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v067.i01.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"5898_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0016-7363.2005.00672.x","volume":"38","author":"R Bivand","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bivand R. Implementing spatial data analysis software tools in R. Geogr Anal. 2006;38:23\u201340.","journal-title":"Geogr Anal"},{"key":"5898_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-208","volume":"12","author":"JD Charlwood","year":"2013","unstructured":"Charlwood JD, Cuamba N, Tom\u00e1s EVE, Jt Bri\u00ebt O, Bri\u00ebt OJT. Living on the edge: a longitudinal study of Anopheles funestus in an isolated area of Mozambique. Malar J. 2013;12:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5898_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP8887","volume":"129","author":"JE Coalson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Coalson JE, Anderson EJ, Santos EM, Madera Garcia V, Romine JK, Luzingu JK, et al. The complex epidemiological relationship between flooding events and human outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases: a scoping review. Environ Health Perspect. 2021;129:96002.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"5898_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2004.03.012","volume":"34","author":"M Coetzee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Coetzee M, Fontenille D. Advances in the study of Anopheles funestus, a major vector of malaria in Africa. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2004;34:599\u2013605.","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"5898_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255321","volume":"16","author":"I Debrah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Debrah I, Afrane YA, Amoah LE, Ochwedo KO, Mukabana WR, Zhong D, et al. Larval ecology and bionomics of Anopheles funestus in highland and lowland sites in western Kenya. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0255321.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5898_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255321","volume":"16","author":"I Debrah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Debrah I, Afrane YA, Amoah LE, Ochwedo KO, Mukabana WR, Zhong D, et al. Larval ecology and bionomics of Anopheles funestus in highland and lowland sites in western Kenya. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0255321.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5898_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3683-5","author":"YA Derua","year":"2019","unstructured":"Derua YA, Kweka EJ, Kisinza WN, Githeko AK, Mosha FW. Bacterial larvicides used for malaria vector control in sub-Saharan Africa: review of their effectiveness and operational feasibility. Parasit Vectors. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3683-5.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5898_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0385-0","volume":"7","author":"GO Dida","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dida GO, Anyona DN, Abuom PO, Akoko D, Adoka SO, Matano A-S, et al. Spatial distribution and habitat characterization of mosquito species during the dry season along the Mara River and its tributaries, in Kenya and Tanzania. Infect Dis Poverty. 2018;7:1\u201316.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"5898_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-353","volume":"10","author":"U Fillinger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fillinger U, Lindsay SW. Larval source management for malaria control in Africa: myths and reality. Malar J. 2011;10:353.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5898_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(96)00067-3","volume":"58","author":"B-C Gao","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gao B-C. NDWI\u2014a normalized difference water index for remote sensing of vegetation liquid water from space. Remote Sens Environ. 1996;58:257\u201366.","journal-title":"Remote Sens Environ"},{"key":"5898_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10091462","volume":"10","author":"S Ghuffar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ghuffar S. DEM generation from multi satellite PlanetScope imagery. Remote Sens. 2018;10:1462.","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"5898_CR14","first-page":"1","volume":"55","author":"MT Gillies","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gillies MT, Coetzee M. A supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara. Publ S Afr Inst Med Res. 1987;55:1\u2013143.","journal-title":"Publ S Afr Inst Med Res"},{"key":"5898_CR15","unstructured":"Gillies, M.T., De Meillon, B., 1968. The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian zoogeographical region). The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region)."},{"key":"5898_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081931","author":"AJ Hardy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hardy AJ, Gamarra JGP, Cross DE, Macklin MG, Smith MW, Kihonda J, et al. Habitat hydrology and geomorphology control the distribution of malaria vector larvae in Rural Africa. PLoS ONE. 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0081931.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5898_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-81","volume":"10","author":"SS Imbahale","year":"2011","unstructured":"Imbahale SS, Paaijmans KP, Mukabana WR, Van Lammeren R, Githeko AK, Takken W. A longitudinal study on Anopheles mosquito larval abundance in distinct geographical and environmental settings in western Kenya. Malar J. 2011;10:1\u201313.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5898_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacques Derek Charlwood, 2020. The Ecology of Malaria Vectors, Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429284748"},{"key":"5898_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04198-3","volume":"21","author":"NF Kahamba","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kahamba NF, Finda M, Ngowo HS, Msugupakulya BJ, Baldini F, Koekemoer LL, et al. Using ecological observations to improve malaria control in areas where Anopheles funestus is the dominant vector. Malar J. 2022;21:1\u201315.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5898_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06119-6","volume":"17","author":"NF Kahamba","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kahamba NF, Okumu FO, Jumanne M, Kifungo K, Odero JO, Baldini F, et al. Geospatial modelling of dry season habitats of the malaria vector, Anopheles funestus, in south-eastern Tanzania. Parasit Vectors. 2024;17:38.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5898_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177807","volume":"12","author":"EW Kaindoa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kaindoa EW, Matowo NS, Ngowo HS, Mkandawile G, Mmbando A, Finda M, et al. Interventions that effectively target Anopheles funestus mosquitoes could significantly improve control of persistent malaria transmission in south\u2013eastern Tanzania. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0177807.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5898_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-268","volume":"8","author":"LA Kelly-Hope","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kelly-Hope LA, Hemingway J, McKenzie FE. Environmental factors associated with the malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus in Kenya. Malar J. 2009;8:1\u20138.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5898_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1007\/s42690-022-00755-0","volume":"42","author":"H Keno","year":"2022","unstructured":"Keno H, Ejeta D, Negisho T, Wakjira M, Muleta G, Natea G, et al. Characterization of Anopheles mosquito larval habitats and species composition in Bambasi District, Northwestern Ethiopia. Int J Trop Insect Sci. 2022;42:2325\u201336.","journal-title":"Int J Trop Insect Sci"},{"key":"5898_CR24","first-page":"683","volume-title":"Ecology and Control of Vector-Borne Diseases","author":"CJM Koenraadt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Koenraadt CJM. Larval source management for malaria control: prospects for new technologies and community involvement. In: Ecology and Control of Vector-Borne Diseases. Wageningen Academic Publishers; 2021. p. 683\u201393."},{"key":"5898_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2012.00202.x","volume":"37","author":"AA Kudom","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kudom AA, Mensah BA, Agyemang TK. Characterization of mosquito larval habitats and assessment of insecticide\u2010resistance status of Anopheles gambiae senso lato in urban areas in southwestern Ghana. J Vector Ecol. 2012;37:77\u201382.","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol"},{"key":"5898_CR26","unstructured":"Kuhn, M., Wing, J., Weston, S., Williams, A., Keefer, C., Engelhardt, A., Cooper, T., Mayer, Z., Kenkel, B., Team, R.C., 2020. Package \u2018caret.\u2019 R J 223."},{"key":"5898_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052084","author":"EJ Kweka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kweka EJ, Zhou G, Munga S, Lee MC, Atieli HE, Nyindo M, et al. Anopheline larval habitats seasonality and species distribution: a prerequisite for effective targeted larval habitats control programmes. PLoS ONE. 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0052084.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5898_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0242-1","volume":"6","author":"MM Mahgoub","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mahgoub MM, Kweka EJ, Himeidan YE. Characterisation of larval habitats, species composition and factors associated with the seasonal abundance of mosquito fauna in Gezira, Sudan. Infect Dis Poverty. 2017;6:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"5898_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makuwaza, A., Mundagowa, P.T., Gowera, T., Mudare, N., Lubinda, M., Mukuzunga, M., Mharakurwa, S., 2021. Characterization of Potential Larval Habitats and Spatial Distribution of Anopheles Species Larvae During the Dry Season in Mutare City, Zimbabwe: a Cross-sectional Study. Res Sq.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-178393\/v1"},{"key":"5898_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-25","author":"AO Mala","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mala AO, Irungu LW, Shililu JI, Muturi EJ, Mbogo CC, Njagi JK, et al. Dry season ecology of Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes at larval habitats in two traditionally semi-arid villages in Baringo, Kenya. Parasit Vectors. 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-3305-4-25.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5898_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-119","volume":"7","author":"N Minakawa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Minakawa N, Sonye G, Dida GO, Futami K, Kaneko S. Recent reduction in the water level of Lake Victoria has created more habitats for Anopheles funestus. Malar J. 2008;7:1\u20136.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5898_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mshani, I.H., Jackson, F.M., Minja, E.G., Abbas, S., Lilolime, N.S., Makala, F.E., Lazaro, A.B., Mchola, I.S., Mukabana, L.N., Kahamba, N., 2024. Comparison of Fine-Scale Malaria Strata Derived from Population Survey Data Collected Using mRDTs, Microscopy and qPCR in South-Eastern Tanzania. medRxiv 2006\u20132024.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4533685\/v1"},{"key":"5898_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-06019-1","volume":"16","author":"BJ Msugupakulya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Msugupakulya BJ, Urio NH, Jumanne M, Ngowo HS, Selvaraj P, Okumu FO, et al. Changes in contributions of different Anopheles vector species to malaria transmission in east and southern Africa from 2000 to 2022. Parasit Vectors. 2023;16:408.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5898_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mutuku, F.M., Bayoh, M.N., Gimnig, J.E., Vulule, J.M., Kamau, L., Walker, E.D., Kabiru, E., Hawley, W.A., 2006. Pupal habitat productivity of Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes in a rural village in western Kenya.","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.54"},{"key":"5898_CR35","first-page":"65","volume":"46","author":"JM Mwangangi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mwangangi JM, Muturi EJ, Mbogo CM. Seasonal mosquito larval abundance and composition in Kibwezi, lower eastern Kenya. J Vector Borne Dis. 2009;46:65\u201371.","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"key":"5898_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03295-5","volume":"19","author":"IH Nambunga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nambunga IH, Ngowo HS, Mapua SA, Hape EE, Msugupakulya BJ, Msaky DS, et al. Aquatic habitats of the malaria vector Anopheles funestus in rural south-eastern Tanzania. Malar J. 2020;19:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5898_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03295-5","volume":"19","author":"IH Nambunga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nambunga IH, Ngowo HS, Mapua SA, Hape EE, Msugupakulya BJ, Msaky DS, et al. Aquatic habitats of the malaria vector Anopheles funestus in rural south-eastern Tanzania. Malar J. 2020;19:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5898_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ngowo, H., Okumu, F.O., Hape, E.E., Mshani, I.H., Ferguson, H.M., Matthiopoulos, J., 2022. Using Bayesian state-space models to understand the population dynamics of the dominant malaria vector, Anopheles funestus in rural Tanzania.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1209027\/v1"},{"key":"5898_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3557-x","volume":"12","author":"IM Ondiba","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ondiba IM, Oyieke FA, Athinya DK, Nyamongo IK, Estambale BBA. Larval species diversity, seasonal occurrence and larval habitat preference of mosquitoes transmitting Rift Valley fever and malaria in Baringo County, Kenya. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12:1\u201314.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5898_CR40","unstructured":"R Core Team, 2019. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"5898_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112586","volume":"264","author":"DP Roy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roy DP, Huang H, Houborg R, Martins VS. A global analysis of the temporal availability of PlanetScope high spatial resolution multi-spectral imagery. Remote Sens Environ. 2021;264:112586.","journal-title":"Remote Sens Environ"},{"key":"5898_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0801.010049","volume":"8","author":"J Shaman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shaman J, Stieglitz M, Stark C, Le Blancq S, Cane M. Using a dynamic hydrology model to predict mosquito abundances in flood and swamp water. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:8.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"5898_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-40.6.921","volume":"40","author":"J Shililu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shililu J, Ghebremeskel T, Seulu F, Mengistu S, Fekadu H, Zerom M, et al. Larval habitat diversity and ecology of anopheline larvae in Eritrea. J Med Entomol. 2003;40:921\u20139.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"5898_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18239-5","author":"MW Smith","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smith MW, Willis T, Alfieri L, James WHM, Trigg MA, Yamazaki D, et al. Incorporating hydrology into climate suitability models changes projections of malaria transmission in Africa. Nat Commun. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-18239-5.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"5898_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1969.18.638","volume":"18","author":"A Spielman","year":"1969","unstructured":"Spielman A. Ecology of insect vector populations. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1969;18:638\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5898_CR46","unstructured":"Therneau, T., Atkinson, B., Ripley, B., Ripley, M.B., 2015. Package \u2018rpart.\u2019 Available online: cran. ma. ic. ac. uk\/web\/packages\/rpart\/rpart. pdf Accessed on 20 April 2016."},{"key":"5898_CR47","volume-title":"Spatial-temporal Distribution of Mosquito Larval Hot Spots in Papoli A Community-Based Approach to Mosquito Control","author":"RE Tokarz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tokarz RE. Spatial-temporal Distribution of Mosquito Larval Hot Spots in Papoli A Community-Based Approach to Mosquito Control. Uganda: University of South Florida; 2017."},{"key":"5898_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04782-1","volume":"22","author":"A Tsegaye","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tsegaye A, Demissew A, Hawaria D, Abossie A, Getachew H, Habtamu K, et al. Anopheles larval habitats seasonality and environmental factors affecting larval abundance and distribution in Arjo-Didessa sugar cane plantation, Ethiopia. Malar J. 2023;22:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5898_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tusting, L.S., Thwing, J., Sinclair, D., Fillinger, U., Gimnig, J., Bonner, K.E., Bottomley, C., Lindsay, S.W., 2013. Mosquito larval source management for controlling malaria. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008923.pub2"},{"key":"5898_CR50","unstructured":"World Health Organization, 2018. Larval source management \u2013 a supplementary measure for malaria vector control. An operational manual."}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-026-05898-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-026-05898-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-026-05898-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T11:02:12Z","timestamp":1779188532000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12936-026-05898-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5898"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-026-05898-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approvals for this project were obtained from Ifakara Health Institute\u2019s Institutional Review Board (Protocol ID: IHI\/IRB\/No: 26-2020) and the Medical Research Coordinating Committee (MRCC) at the National Institute for Medical Research (Protocol ID: NIMR\/HQ\/R.8a\/Vol.IX\/3495).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate."}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"213"}}