{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T10:12:03Z","timestamp":1767262323771},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,17]],"date-time":"2020-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,17]],"date-time":"2020-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Liver and gastrointestinal diseases research center, Tabriz University of medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutr J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Considering the lifelong dietary restriction in celiac patients, it is important to assess the diet quality in these patients. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the diet quality in adult celiac patients and compare it with that of the non-celiac people.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In the present cross-sectional study, 130 celiac patients were selected from the celiac disease (CD) registry database of East Azerbaijan province, Iran. Non-celiac people (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009464) was selected from the major lifestyle promotion project conducted in the East Azerbaijan district. The dietary intake data was obtained by an 80-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Diet quality was assessed using the healthy eating index-2015 (HEI-2015).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The mean total HEI score was significantly higher in the celiac group compared with the non-celiac people (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and 68.5% of non-celiac people and 17.4% of celiac patients had poor diet quality. After adjusting for confounding factors, the mean score of total HEI in adherents to gluten-free diet (GFD) was significantly higher compared with non-adherents (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.007).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Although the mean total HEI score was higher in celiac patients compared with the non-celiac people, about 17.5% of patients had poor diet quality and the scores of whole grains and dairy products group were very low in our population. Accordingly, it seems that educational programs should be held for the celiac patients and non-celiac people to increase their nutritional literacy and enable them to select healthy gluten-free alternatives.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-020-00561-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,17]],"date-time":"2020-05-17T17:02:42Z","timestamp":1589734962000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Comparison of diet quality between celiac patients and non-celiac people in East Azerbaijan-Iran"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Zeinab","family":"Nikniaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Mahdavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Nikniaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Akbari Namvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masoud","family":"Shirmohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mojgan","family":"Akhavan Sabbagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"561_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301346","volume":"62","author":"JF Ludvigsson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ludvigsson JF, Leffler DA, Bai JC, Biagi F, Fasano A, Green PH, Hadjivassiliou M, Kaukinen K, Kelly CP, Leonard JN. The Oslo definitions for coeliac disease and related terms. Gut. 2013;62:43\u201352.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"561_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/00008486-200504000-00006","volume":"20","author":"M Zarkadas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zarkadas M, Case S. Celiac disease and the gluten-free diet: an overview. Top Clin Nutr. 2005;20:127\u201338.","journal-title":"Top Clin Nutr"},{"key":"561_CR3","first-page":"858","volume":"99","author":"T Thompson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Thompson T. Thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin contents of the gluten-free diet: is there cause for concern? J Acad Nutr Diet. 1999;99:858.","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"561_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-277X.2005.00607.x","volume":"18","author":"T Thompson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thompson T, Dennis M, Higgins L, Lee A, Sharrett M. Gluten-free diet survey: are Americans with coeliac disease consuming recommended amounts of fibre, iron, calcium and grain foods? J Hum Nutr Diet. 2005;18:163\u20139.","journal-title":"J Hum Nutr Diet"},{"key":"561_CR5","first-page":"56","volume":"13","author":"P Mirmiran","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mirmiran P, Azadbakht L, Esmaillzadeh A, Azizi F. Dietary diversity score in adolescents - a good indicator of the nutritional adequacy of diets: Tehran lipid and glucose study. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2004;13:56\u201360.","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"561_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.5.1214","volume":"72","author":"ML McCullough","year":"2000","unstructured":"McCullough ML, Feskanich D, Stampfer MJ, Rosner BA, Hu FB, Hunter DJ, Variyam JN, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and risk of major chronic disease in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:1214\u201322.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"561_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2019.02.004","volume":"30","author":"DR Mager","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mager DR, Liu A, Marcon M, Harms K, Brill H, Mileski H, Dowhaniuk J, Nasser R, Carroll MW, Persad R, Turner JM. Diet patterns in an ethnically diverse pediatric population with celiac disease and chronic gastrointestinal complaints. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2019;30:73\u201380.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN"},{"key":"561_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3148\/cjdpr-2018-010","volume":"79","author":"A Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu A, Marcon M, Assor E, Mahmud FH, Turner J, Mager DPD. RD: Dietary Intake and Micronutrient Supplementation in Youth with Celiac Disease with and without Type 1 Diabetes. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2018;79:118\u201324.","journal-title":"Can J Diet Pract Res"},{"key":"561_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2018.06.021","volume":"28","author":"F Morreale","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morreale F, Agnoli C, Roncoroni L, Sieri S, Lombardo V, Mazzeo T, Elli L, Bardella M, Agostoni C, Doneda L. Are the dietary habits of treated individuals with celiac disease adherent to a Mediterranean diet? Nutrition. Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2018;28:1148\u201354.","journal-title":"Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"561_CR10","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"J Tabrizi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tabrizi J, Farahbakhsh M, Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Nikniaz L. Introducing the objectives, procedures and structure of lifestyle promotion project (LPP): phase I. Depiction Health. 2016;7:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Depiction Health"},{"key":"561_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1108\/BFJ-09-2016-0415","volume":"119","author":"L Nikniaz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nikniaz L, Tabrizi J, Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Farahbakhsh M, Tahmasebi S, Noroozi S. Reliability and relative validity of short-food frequency questionnaire. Br Food J. 2017;119:1337\u201348.","journal-title":"Br Food J"},{"key":"561_CR12","first-page":"21","volume":"2","author":"F Esfarjani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Esfarjani F, Mohammadi-nasrabadi F, Roustaee R, Khalafi M, Alikhanian H, Nouri-Saeidlou S, Abadi A, Kamali Z, Hajimirsadeghi AD, Rashidi A. Household milk consumption and Its Socio-economic Associates in west Azarbayejan province, North-west Iran. Nutr Food Sci Res. 2015;2:21\u20137.","journal-title":"Nutr Food Sci Res"},{"key":"561_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2018.05.021","volume":"118","author":"SM Krebs-Smith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krebs-Smith SM, Pannucci TE, Subar AF, Kirkpatrick SI, Lerman JL, Tooze JA, Wilson MM, Reedy J. Update of the healthy eating index: HEI-2015. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2018;118:1591\u2013602.","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"561_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3148\/cjdpr-2014-040","volume":"76","author":"AS Alzaben","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alzaben AS, Turner J, Shirton L, Samuel TM, Persad R, Mager D. Assessing Nutritional Quality and Adherence to the Gluten-free Diet in Children and Adolescents with Celiac Disease. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2015;76:56\u201363.","journal-title":"Can J Diet Pract Res"},{"key":"561_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001251","volume":"64","author":"N Babio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Babio N, Alc\u00e1zar M, Castillejo G, Recasens M, Mart\u00ednez-Cerezo F, Guti\u00e9rrez-Pensado V, Masip G, Vaqu\u00e9 C, Vila-Mart\u00ed A, Torres-Moreno M. Patients with celiac disease reported higher consumption of added sugar and total fat than healthy individuals. J Pediatr Ggastroenterol Nutr. 2017;64:63\u20139.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ggastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"561_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802838","volume":"29","author":"P Mirmiran","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mirmiran P, Esmaillzadeh A, Azizi F. Dairy consumption and body mass index: an inverse relationship. Int J Obes. 2005;29:115.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"561_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iriti M, Varoni EM. Pulses, Healthy, and Sustainable Food Sources for Feeding the Planet. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18020255"},{"key":"561_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022897028030","volume":"48","author":"RD Zipser","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zipser RD, Patel S, Yahya KZ, Baisch DW, Monarch E. Presentations of adult celiac disease in a nationwide patient support group. Dig Dis Sci. 2003;48:761\u20134.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"561_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nux058","volume":"75","author":"CP Marinangeli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marinangeli CP, Curran J, Barr SI, Slavin J, Puri S, Swaminathan S, Tapsell L, Patterson CA. Enhancing nutrition with pulses: defining a recommended serving size for adults. Nutr Rev. 2017;75:990\u20131006.","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"561_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5515","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7075234","volume":"7","author":"I Churruca","year":"2015","unstructured":"Churruca I, Miranda J, Lasa A, Bustamante M, Larretxi I, Simon E. Analysis of body composition and food habits of Spanish celiac women. Nutrients. 2015;7:5515\u201331.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"561_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1685-2","volume":"58","author":"I Larretxi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Larretxi I, Simon E, Benjumea L, Miranda J, Bustamante M, Lasa A, Eizaguirre F, Churruca I. Gluten-free-rendered products contribute to imbalanced diets in children and adolescents with celiac disease. Eur J Nutr. 2019;58:775\u201383.","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"561_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/1747-0080.12304","volume":"74","author":"N Mohammadifard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mohammadifard N, Khaledifar A, Khosravi A, Nouri F, Pourmoghadas A, Feizi A, Esmaillzadeh A, Sarrafzadegan N. Dietary sodium and potassium intake and their association with blood pressure in a non-hypertensive Iranian adult population: Isfahan salt study. Nutr Diet. 2017;74:275\u201382.","journal-title":"Nutr Diet"},{"key":"561_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.075119","volume":"55","author":"D Van Heel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Van Heel D, West J. Recent advances in coeliac disease. Gut. 2006;55:1037\u201346.","journal-title":"Gut"}],"container-title":["Nutrition Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12937-020-00561-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12937-020-00561-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12937-020-00561-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,16]],"date-time":"2021-05-16T23:03:23Z","timestamp":1621206203000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nutritionj.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12937-020-00561-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,17]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["561"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12937-020-00561-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2891"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2891","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 December 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 May 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 May 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki and all procedures involving research study participants were approved by the Ethics Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (Ethics code: IR.TBZMED.REC.1398.1197). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"None required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"44"}}