{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T01:18:31Z","timestamp":1769217511406,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620691200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinik M\u00fcnchen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutr J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2019, many countries around the world have imposed lockdown measures in order to reduce virus spread. Social isolation is known to have a significant psychological impact, potentially triggering alcohol misuse in adults. In our study, we aimed to investigate the effect of COVID-19 lockdown measures on alcohol consumption in adults in Bavaria.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled 2067 participants, with 1961 young adults (mean age 23.3\u2009\u00b1\u20094.1) and 106 mature adults (mean age 66.7\u2009\u00b1\u20099.7). Participants were asked to complete a standardized questionnaire, semi-quantitatively evaluating the alcohol drinking behaviour before and during the pandemic lockdown.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>After implementation of lockdown, the alteration of alcohol consumption was significantly different between young and mature adults (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u2009\u00a00.001). Among young adults, 42% reported unchanged drinking behaviour compared to 76% in the mature adult group; 44% of young adults reported to drink less compared to only 7% of mature adults. An increase in alcohol consumption was only reported by 14% of young adults and 17% of mature adults. Interestingly, in the entire cohort, the change of alcohol intake was most pronounced among moderate drinkers (&gt;\u20090 to &lt;\u20095 drinks\/week) in both age groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u2009\u00a00.001). Ordinal logistic regression revealed female sex, low BMI and younger age to be associated with a decrease in number of self-reported drinks\/week.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic lockdown significantly affected alcohol drinking behaviour. Further studies exploring long-term effects on potential alcohol misuse and the relevance on public health are warranted.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The study was retrospectively registered at <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link> (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04361877\">NCT04361877<\/jats:ext-link>) on April 24, 2020.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-021-00699-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T19:02:52Z","timestamp":1620759772000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Altered alcohol consumption during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8807-7365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julius","family":"Steffen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Schlichtiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno C.","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Brunner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"699_CR1","unstructured":"Frasch T. Versch\u00e4rfte Ausgangsbeschr\u00e4nkungen, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung; 2020."},{"key":"699_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da BL, Im GY, Schiano TD. COVID-19 hangover: a rising tide of alcohol use disorder and alcohol-associated liver disease. Hepatology. 2020;72(3):1102\u20138.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31307"},{"key":"699_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(5):1729.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17051729.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051729"},{"key":"699_CR4","unstructured":"Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO."},{"issue":"2","key":"699_CR5","first-page":"159","volume":"37","author":"G Szabo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Szabo G, Saha B. Alcohol's effect on host defense. Alcohol Res. 2015;37(2):159\u201370.","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"key":"699_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clay JM, Parker MO. Alcohol use and misuse during the COVID-19 pandemic: a potential public health crisis? Lancet Public Health. 2020;72(3):1102\u20138.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30088-8"},{"issue":"4","key":"699_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13074","volume":"39","author":"J Rehm","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rehm J, Kilian C, Ferreira-Borges C, Jernigan D, Monteiro M, Parry CDH, et al. Alcohol use in times of the COVID 19: implications for monitoring and policy. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2020;39(4):301\u20134.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"699_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.02.025","volume":"131","author":"MC de Goeij","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Goeij MC, Suhrcke M, Toffolutti V, van de Mheen D, Schoenmakers TM, Kunst AE. How economic crises affect alcohol consumption and alcohol-related health problems: a realist systematic review. Soc Sci Med. 2015;131:131\u201346.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"699_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5526-2","volume":"18","author":"J Velten","year":"2018","unstructured":"Velten J, Bieda A, Scholten S, Wannemuller A, Margraf J. Lifestyle choices and mental health: a longitudinal survey with German and Chinese students. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):632.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"699_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-017-0592-3","volume":"17","author":"A Hajek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hajek A, Bock JO, Weyerer S, Konig HH. Correlates of alcohol consumption among Germans in the second half of life. Results of a population-based observational study. BMC Geriatr. 2017;17(1):207.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"699_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.06.002","volume":"25","author":"E Kuntsche","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kuntsche E, Knibbe R, Gmel G, Engels R. Why do young people drink? A review of drinking motives. Clin Psychol Rev. 2005;25(7):841\u201361.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"}],"container-title":["Nutrition Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12937-021-00699-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12937-021-00699-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12937-021-00699-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T19:03:03Z","timestamp":1620759783000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nutritionj.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12937-021-00699-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["699"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12937-021-00699-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2891"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2891","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 June 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Germany (\u201cEthikkommission der Medizinischen Fakult\u00e4t der LMU\u201d), approval number 20\u2013268\u2009KB.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"44"}}