{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:34:03Z","timestamp":1787020443329,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623715200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Defense Center Alliance for Nutrition and Dietary Supplement Research","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutr J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study examined incidence rates, temporal trends, and demographic factors associated with vitamin deficiencies\/disorders in all United States military personnel from 1997 to 2015 (mean\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091,382,266\/year).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Employing an ecological study design, the Defense Medical Epidemiological Database and specific International Classification of Diseases codes were used to determine incidence rates for clinically-diagnosed vitamin deficiencies\/disorders. Associations with demographic factors were examined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The overall incidence rate of vitamin deficiencies\/disorders was 92.7 cases\/100,000 person-years (p-yr). Highest rates were for vitamin D (53.7 cases\/100,000 p-yr), other B-complex vitamins (20.2 cases, 100,000 p-yr), vitamin B\n                      <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                      anemia (7.6 cases\/100,000 p-yr), deficiencies of \u201cother vitamins\u201d (5.9 cases\/100,000 p-yr), and vitamin A (2.5 cases\/100,000 p-yr). Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, folate, vitamin C, and vitamin K deficiencies and hypervitaminoses A and D had &lt;\u20091 case\/100,000 p-yr. Rates for vitamin D, other B-complex, \u201cother vitamin\u201d, and thiamin deficiencies increased over time, while vitamin A and C deficiencies decreased. Women had higher incidence rates for all examined deficiencies\/ disorders except niacin and vitamin C. Incidence rates rose with age in 8 of 15 deficiency\/disorder categories and blacks had higher incidence rates in 9 of 15 deficiency\/disorder categories.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The overall rate of clinically-diagnosed vitamin deficiencies and disorders was low but higher in women and minority subgroups. As for most illnesses, the diagnosed incidence of such disorders may be an underestimate of the actual incidence. These findings can guide clinical decision making with regard to testing for nutritional deficiencies and delivering public health information to at risk populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      (No.\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.isrctn.com\/ISRCTN58987177\">ISRCTN58987177<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ). Registration date 9 October 2019.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-021-00708-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T08:03:25Z","timestamp":1623744205000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Clinically-diagnosed vitamin deficiencies and disorders in the entire United States military population, 1997\u20132015"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1568-1860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph J.","family":"Knapik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily K.","family":"Farina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Victor L.","family":"Fulgoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harris R.","family":"Lieberman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"708_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2010.10.006","volume":"22","author":"E Magiorkinis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Magiorkinis E, Beloukas A, Diamantis A. 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