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Building on the findings from our previous cohort study, this research aims to use genetic variants as instrumental variables to clarify the complex relationship between micronutrient status and the pathogenesis of CKD.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Of 5,078 participants with a baseline estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)\u2009\u2265\u200960\u00a0mL\/min\/1.73 m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> and who were not diagnosed with CKD, we ascertained 708 new CKD cases over 12\u00a0year follow-up periods. Mendelian randomization analyses were conducted using genetic instrumental variables to examine the causal relationships between dietary micronutrients (Phosphorus, Vitamin B2, B6 and C) levels and the development of CKD.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In Mendelian randomization study, using the inverse variance-weighted (IVW) radial method, dietary vitamin B6 (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009-4.016, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-value\u2009=\u20098.72E-05) and C (\u03b2\u2009=\u20092.573, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091.41E-05) intake levels demonstrated significant associations with the development of CKD. However, there was no significant association observed for dietary phosphorus and vitamin B2 intake levels with the development of CKD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study found a weak causal link to genetically predicted levels of vitamins B6 and C on CKD development. Given potential residual pleiotropy and biological limitations, findings should be cautiously interpreted yet highlight the possible role of balanced micronutrient intake in kidney health.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-025-01160-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T12:02:11Z","timestamp":1749816131000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mendelian randomization study of micronutrients and development of CKD in a Korean population"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Juyeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sangjun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kook-Hwan","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sue K.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"1160_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2021.11.003","volume":"12","author":"CP Kovesdy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kovesdy CP. 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The National Institute of Health, Korea (IRB number 4845\u2013301, 3000\u20133031) and the Institutional Review Boards of Seoul National University Hospital (C-1704\u2013025-842 and 2101\u2013087-1188) approved this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"90"}}